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## 3.5. Formatting Strings

Python supports formatting values into strings. Although this can include very complicated expressions, the most basic usage is to insert values into a string with the `%s` placeholder.

String formatting in Python uses the same syntax as the `sprintf` function in C.

### Example 3.21. Introducing String Formatting

    >>> k = "uid"
    >>> v = "sa"
    >>> "%s=%s" % (k, v)
    'uid=sa'

| The whole expression evaluates to a string. The first `%s` is replaced by the value of `k`; the second `%s` is replaced by the value of `v`. All other characters in the string (in this case, the equal sign) stay as they are.

Note that `(k, v)` is a tuple. I told you they were good for something.

You might be thinking that this is a lot of work just to do simple string concatentation, and you would be right, except that string formatting isn't just concatenation. It's not even just formatting. It's also type coercion.

### Example 3.22. String Formatting vs. Concatenating

    >>> uid = "sa"
    >>> pwd = "secret"
    >>> print pwd + " is not a good password for " + uid
    secret is not a good password for sa
    >>> print "%s is not a good password for %s" % (pwd, uid)
    secret is not a good password for sa
    >>> userCount = 6
    >>> print "Users connected: %d" % (userCount, )
    Users connected: 6
    >>> print "Users connected: " + userCount
    Traceback (innermost last):
      File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ?
    TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects

| `+` is the string concatenation operator.
| In this trivial case, string formatting accomplishes the same result as concatentation.
| `(userCount, )` is a tuple with one element. Yes, the syntax is a little strange, but there's a good reason for it: it's unambiguously a tuple. In fact, you can always include a comma after the last element when defining a list, tuple, or dictionary, but the comma is required when defining a tuple with one element. If the comma weren't required, Python wouldn't know whether `(userCount)` was a tuple with one element or just the value of `userCount`.
| String formatting works with integers by specifying `%d` instead of `%s`.
| Trying to concatenate a string with a non-string raises an exception. Unlike string formatting, string concatenation works only when everything is already a string.

As with `printf` in C, string formatting in Python is like a Swiss Army knife. There are options galore, and modifier strings to specially format many different types of values.

### Example 3.23. Formatting Numbers

    >>> print "Today's stock price: %f" % 50.4625
    50.462500
    >>> print "Today's stock price: %.2f" % 50.4625
    50.46
    >>> print "Change since yesterday: %+.2f" % 1.5
    +1.50

| The `%f` string formatting option treats the value as a decimal, and prints it to six decimal places.
| The ".2" modifier of the `%f` option truncates the value to two decimal places.
| You can even combine modifiers. Adding the `+` modifier displays a plus or minus sign before the value. Note that the ".2" modifier is still in place, and is padding the value to exactly two decimal places.

### Further Reading on String Formatting

- Python Library Reference summarizes all the string formatting format characters.
- Effective AWK Programming discusses all the format characters and advanced string formatting techniques like specifying width, precision, and zero-padding.