### 34.1 Creating a Class

This chapter illustrates user-defined classes and object oriented programming through a custom class designed for polynomials. This class was chosen for its simplicity which does not distract unnecessarily from the discussion of the programming features of Octave. Even so, a bit of background on the goals of the polynomial class is necessary before the syntax and techniques of Octave object oriented programming are introduced.

The polynomial class is used to represent polynomials of the form

    a0 + a1 * x + a2 * x^2 + … + an * x^n

where a0, a1, etc. are real scalars. Thus the polynomial can be represented by a vector

    a = [a0, a1, a2, …, an];

This is a sufficient specification to begin writing the constructor for the polynomial class. All object oriented classes in Octave must be located in a directory that is the name of the class prepended with the ‘`@`’ symbol. For example, the polynomial class will have all of its methods defined in the `@polynomial` directory.

The constructor for the class must be the name of the class itself; in this example the constructor resides in the file `@polynomial/polynomial.m`. Ideally, even when the constructor is called with no arguments it should return a valid object. A constructor for the polynomial class might look like

    ## -*- texinfo -*-
    ## @deftypefn  {} {} polynomial ()
    ## @deftypefnx {} {} polynomial (@var{a})
    ## Create a polynomial object representing the polynomial
    ##
    ## @example
    ## a0 + a1 * x + a2 * x^2 + @dots{} + an * x^n
    ## @end example
    ##
    ## @noindent
    ## from a vector of coefficients [a0 a1 a2 @dots{} an].
    ## @end deftypefn

    function p = polynomial (a)

      if (nargin > 1)
        print_usage ();
      endif

      if (nargin == 0)
        p.poly = 0;
        p = class (p, "polynomial");
      else
        if (isa (a, "polynomial"))
          p = a;
        elseif (isreal (a) && isvector (a))
          p.poly = a(:).';  # force row vector
          p = class (p, "polynomial");
        else
          error ("@polynomial: A must be a real vector");
        endif
      endif

    endfunction

Note that the return value of the constructor must be the output of the `class` function. The first argument to the `class` function is a structure and the second is the name of the class itself. An example of calling the class constructor to create an instance is

    p = polynomial ([1, 0, 1]);

Methods are defined by m-files in the class directory and can have embedded documentation the same as any other m-file. The help for the constructor can be obtained by using the constructor name alone, that is, for the polynomial constructor `help polynomial` will return the help string. Help can be restricted to a particular class by using the class directory name followed by the method. For example, `help @polynomial/polynomial` is another way of displaying the help string for the polynomial constructor. This second means is the only way to obtain help for the overloaded methods and functions of a class.

The same specification mechanism can be used wherever Octave expects a function name. For example `type @polynomial/disp` will print the code of the `disp` method of the polynomial class to the screen, and `dbstop @polynomial/disp` will set a breakpoint at the first executable line of the `disp` method of the polynomial class.

To check whether a variable belongs to a user class, the `isobject` and `isa` functions can be used. For example:

    p = polynomial ([1, 0, 1]);
    isobject (p)
      ⇒ 1
    isa (p, "polynomial")
      ⇒ 1

isobject (x)

  Return true if x is a class object.

  See also: class, typeinfo, isa, ismethod, isprop.

The available methods of a class can be displayed with the `methods` function.

methods (obj)
methods ("classname")
mtds = methods (…)

  List the names of the public methods for the object obj or the named class classname.

  obj may be an Octave class object or a Java object. classname may be the name of an Octave class or a Java class.

  When called with no output arguments, `methods` prints the list of method names to the screen. Otherwise, the output argument mtds contains the list in a cell array of strings.

  See also: fieldnames.

To inquire whether a particular method exists for a user class, the `ismethod` function can be used.

ismethod (obj, method)
ismethod (clsname, method)

  Return true if the string method is a valid method of the object obj or of the class clsname.

  See also: isprop, isobject.

For a polynomial class it makes sense to have a method to compute its roots.

    function r = roots (p)
      r = roots (fliplr (p.poly));
    endfunction

We can check for the existence of the `roots`-method by calling:

    p = polynomial ([1, 0, 1]);
    ismethod (p, "roots")
      ⇒ 1