\input texinfo.tex    @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c We must \input texinfo.tex instead of texinfo, otherwise make
@c distcheck in the Texinfo distribution fails, because the texinfo Info
@c file is made first, and texi2dvi must include . first in the path.
@comment %**start of header
@setfilename info-stnd.info
@include version-stnd.texi
@settitle Stand-alone GNU Info @value{VERSION}
@syncodeindex vr cp
@syncodeindex fn cp
@syncodeindex ky cp
@comment %**end of header

@copying
This manual is for Stand-alone GNU Info (version @value{VERSION},
@value{UPDATED}), a program for viewing documents in Info format
(usually created from Texinfo source files).

Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
2001-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
``GNU Free Documentation License'' in the Texinfo manual.
@end quotation

This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
Documentation License.  If you want to distribute this document
separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
@end copying

@dircategory Texinfo documentation system
@direntry
* info stand-alone: (info-stnd).           Read Info documents without Emacs.
@end direntry

@titlepage
@title Stand-alone GNU Info
@subtitle for version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}
@author Brian J. Fox
@author and Texinfo maintainers
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage

@contents

@node Top
@top Stand-alone GNU Info

This documentation describes the stand-alone Info reader which you can
use to read Info documentation.

If you are new to the Info reader, then you can get started by typing
@samp{H} for a list of basic key bindings.  You can read through the
rest of this manual by typing @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} (or @key{Space}
and @key{Backspace}) to move forwards and backwards in it.


@menu
* Stand-alone Info::            What is Info?
* Invoking Info::               Options you can pass on the command line.
* Cursor Commands::             Commands which move the cursor within a node.
* Scrolling Commands::          Commands for reading the text within a node.
* Node Commands::               Commands for selecting a new node.
* Searching Commands::          Commands for searching an Info file.
* Index Commands::              Commands for looking up in indices.
* Xref Commands::               Commands for selecting cross-references.
* Window Commands::             Commands which manipulate multiple windows.
* Printing Nodes::              How to print out the contents of a node.
* Miscellaneous Commands::      A few commands that defy categorization.
* Variables::                   How to change the default behavior of Info.
* Colors and Styles::           Customize the colors used by Info.
* Custom Key Bindings::         How to define your own key-to-command bindings.
* Index::                       Global index.
@end menu


@node Stand-alone Info
@chapter Stand-alone Info

The @dfn{Info} program described here is a stand-alone program, part
of the Texinfo distribution, which is used to view Info files on a
text terminal.  @dfn{Info files} are typically the result of
processing Texinfo files with the program @code{makeinfo} (also in the
Texinfo distribution).

Texinfo itself (@pxref{Top,,, texinfo, Texinfo}) is a documentation
system that uses a single source file to produce both on-line
information and printed output.  You can typeset and print the files
that you read in Info.

@cindex Emacs Info reader
@cindex Info files, reading in Emacs
GNU Emacs also provides an Info reader (just type @code{@kbd{M-x} info}
in Emacs).  Emacs Info and stand-alone Info have nearly identical user
interfaces, although customization and other details are different
(this manual explains the stand-alone Info reader).  The Emacs Info
reader supports the X Window System and other such bitmapped
interfaces, not just plain ASCII, so if you want a prettier display
for Info files, you should try it.  You can use Emacs Info without
using Emacs for anything else.  (Type @kbd{C-x C-c} to exit; this also
works in the stand-alone Info reader.)  @xref{Top,,, info, Info} for a
tutorial and more background information about the Info system, as well
as information about the Info reader that is part of GNU Emacs,

@cindex bugs, reporting
Please report bugs in this stand-alone Info program to
@email{bug-texinfo@@gnu.org}.  Bugs in the Emacs Info reader should be
sent to @email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org}.


@node Invoking Info
@chapter Invoking Info

@cindex Info, invoking
@cindex invoking Info
@cindex command line options
@cindex options, command line
@cindex arguments, command line

GNU Info accepts several options to control the initial node or nodes
being viewed, and to specify which directories to search for Info files.
Here is a template showing an invocation of GNU Info from the shell:

@example
info [@var{option}@dots{}] [@var{manual}] [@var{menu-or-index-item}@dots{}]
@end example

Info will look for an entry called @var{manual} in the directory
files, which are named @file{dir}, that it finds in its search path.
The search is case-insensitive and considers substrings.
(If @var{manual} is not given, by default Info displays a composite
directory listing, constructed by combining the @file{dir} files.)
A basic example:

@example
info coreutils
@end example

This looks for an entry labelled @code{coreutils}, or
@code{Coreutils}, etc., and if found, displays the referenced file
(e.g., @file{coreutils.info}) at the location given.
@code{info coreu} will find it too, if there is no better match.

Another example:

@example
info ls
@end example

Assuming the normal @code{dir} entry for @code{ls}, this will show the
@code{ls} documentation, which happens to be within the
@code{coreutils} manual rather than a separate manual.  The @code{dir}
entries can point to any node within a manual, so that users don't
have to be concerned with the exact structure used by different
authors.

@cindex compressed Info files
@cindex files, compressed
@cindex Info files, compressed
If no entry is found in the directories, Info looks for files in its
search path with names based on @var{manual}.  If @var{manual} is
not found, Info looks for it with a number of known extensions of Info
files, namely @file{.info}, @file{-info}, @file{/index}, and @file{.inf}.
For every known extension, if a regular file is not found, Info looks
for a compressed file.  Info supports files compressed with @code{gzip},
@code{xz}, @code{bzip2}, @code{lzip}, @code{lzma}, @code{compress} and
@code{yabba} programs, assumed to have extensions @file{.z}, @file{.gz},
@file{.xz}, @file{.bz2}, @file{.lz}, @file{.lzma}, @file{.Z}, and
@file{.Y} respectively.@footnote{On MS-DOS, Info allows for the Info
extension, such as @code{.inf}, and the short compressed file extensions,
such as @file{.z} and @file{.gz}, to be merged into a single extension,
since DOS doesn't allow more than a single dot in the basename of
a file.  Thus, on MS-DOS, if Info looks for @file{bison}, file names
like @file{bison.igz} and @file{bison.inz} will be found and decompressed
by @code{gunzip}.}

You can specify the name of a node to visit with the @code{--node} or 
@code{-n} option.  Alternatively, you can specify the file and node 
together using the same format that occurs in Info cross-references.  
These two examples both load the @samp{Files} node within the 
@samp{emacs} manual:

@example
info emacs -n Files
info '(emacs)Files'
@end example

@cindex absolute Info file names
@cindex relative Info file names
@cindex file names, relative
@cindex Info files, relative
If you want to load a file without looking in the search path, specify
@var{manual} either as an absolute path, or as a path relative to the
current directory which contains at least one slash character.  (You
can also use the @code{--file} option for similar behavior, described
below.)
Examples:

@example
info /usr/local/share/info/bash.info
info ./document.info
@end example

@noindent
Info looks for @var{manual} only in the explicitly specified
directory, and adds that directory to its search path.

@anchor{command-line menu items}
@cindex menu, following
Info treats any remaining arguments as the names of menu items, or
(see below) index entries.  The first argument is a menu item in the
@samp{Top} node of the file loaded, the second argument is a menu item
in the first argument's node, etc.  You can move to the node of your
choice by specifying the menu names which describe the path to that
node.  For example,

@example
info emacs buffers
info texinfo Overview 'Using Texinfo'
@end example

@noindent
The first example selects the menu item @samp{Buffers} in the node
@samp{(emacs)Top}.  The second example loads the @file{texinfo} file and
looks in its top-level menu for a @samp{Overview} item, looks in the menu
of the node referenced, and finally displays the node referenced by the
@samp{Using Texinfo} item.

If there was only one @var{menu-or-index-item} argument and it wasn't
found as a menu item, Info looks for it as an index entry. For example:

@example
info libc printf
@end example

@noindent
This loads the libc Info manual and first looks for @code{printf} in
the top-level menu as usual; since it isn't there (at this writing),
it then looks in the indices.  If it's found there (which it is),
the relevant node at the given location is displayed.

A complete list of options follows.

@table @code
@anchor{--all}
@item --all
@itemx -a
@cindex @code{--all} (@code{-a}) command line option
Find all files matching @var{manual}.  Three usage patterns are
supported, as follows.

First, if @code{--all} is used together with @option{--where},
@command{info} prints the names of all matching files found on
standard output (including @samp{*manpages*} if relevant) and exits.

Second, if @code{--all} is used together with @option{--output}, the
contents of all matched files are dumped to the specified output
file.

Otherwise, an interactive session is initiated.  If more than one file
matches, a menu node is displayed listing the matches and allowing you
to select one.  This menu node can be brought back at any time by
pressing @kbd{C-x f}.  If there is only one match, @command{info}
starts as usual.

When used with the @option{--index-search} option, @command{info}
displays a menu of matching index entries (just as the
@code{virtual-index} command does; see @ref{Index Commands}).

The @option{--node} option cannot be used together with this option.

@anchor{--apropos}
@item --apropos=@var{string}
@itemx -k @var{string}
@cindex @code{--apropos} (@code{-k}) command line option
@cindex Searching all indices
@cindex Info files@r{, searching all indices}
@cindex Apropos@r{, in Info files}
Specify a string to search in every index of every Info file installed
on your system.  Info looks up the named @var{string} in all the
indices it can find, prints the results to standard output, and then
exits.  If you are not sure which Info file explains certain issues,
this option is your friend.  (If your system has a lot of Info files
installed, searching all of them might take some time!)

You can invoke the apropos command from inside Info; see
@ref{Searching Commands}.

@item --debug=@var{number}
@itemx -x @var{number} 
@cindex @code{--debug} (@code{-x}) command line option
@cindex debugging
Print additional debugging information.  The argument specifies the
verbosity level, so a higher level includes all the information from
lower levels.  For all available debugging output, use
@option{-x@tie{}-1}.  Info version @value{VERSION} has these levels:

@table @code
@item 1
Print information about file handling, such as looking for @file{dir}
files and nodes written with @samp{--output}.

@item 2
Print operations relating to @env{INFOPATH}.

@item 3
Print information about node searching.
@end table

Debugging output goes to standard error.

@item --directory @var{directory-path}
@itemx -d @var{directory-path}
@cindex @code{--directory} (@code{-d}) command line option
@cindex directory path
@cindex @env{INFOPATH}
@anchor{INFOPATH}
Add @var{directory-path} to the list of directory paths searched
when Info needs to find a file.  You may issue @code{--directory}
multiple times; once for each directory which contains Info files,
or with a list of such directories separated by a colon (or semicolon
on MS-DOS/MS-Windows).

Directories specified in the environment variable @env{INFOPATH} are added
to the directories specified with @code{--directory}, if any.  The value of
@code{INFOPATH} is a list of directories usually separated by a colon;
on MS-DOS/MS-Windows systems, the semicolon is used.  If the value of
@code{INFOPATH} ends with a colon (or semicolon on MS-DOS/MS-Windows),
the initial list of directories is constructed by appending the
build-time default to the value of @code{INFOPATH}.

If you do not define @code{INFOPATH}, Info uses a default path defined
when Info was built as the initial list of directories.  

Regardless of whether @code{INFOPATH} is defined, the default
documentation directory defined when Info was built is added to the
search path.  If you do not want this directory to be included, set
the @code{infopath-no-defaults} variable to @code{On}
(@pxref{infopath-no-defaults}).
 
If the list of directories contains the element @code{PATH}, that
element is replaced by a list of directories derived from the value of
the environment variable @code{PATH}.  Each path element of the form
@var{dir/base} is replaced by @var{dir}@code{/share/info} or
@var{dir}@code{/info}, provided that directory exists.

@item --dribble=@var{file}
@cindex @code{--dribble} command line option
@cindex keystrokes, recording
@cindex remembering user keystrokes
Specify a file where all user keystrokes will be recorded.  This file
can be used later to replay the same sequence of commands, see the
@samp{--restore} option below.

@item --file @var{manual}
@itemx -f @var{manual}
@cindex @code{--file} (@code{-f}) command line option
@cindex Info manual, specifying initial
@cindex initial node, specifying
@cindex startup node, specifying
Specify a particular manual to visit without looking its name up in any
@file{dir} files.

With this option, it starts by trying to visit
@code{(@var{manual})Top}, i.e., the @code{Top} node in (typically)
@file{@var{manual}.info}.  As above, it tries various file extensions
to find the file. If no such file (or node) can be found, Info exits
without doing anything.  As with the @file{dir} lookup described above,
any extra @var{menu-or-index-item} arguments are used to locate a node 
within the loaded file.

If @var{manual} is an absolute file name, or begins with @file{./} or
@file{../}, or contains an intermediate directory, Info will only look
for the file in the directory specified, and add this directory to
@code{INFOPATH}.  (This is the same as what happens when @code{--file}
is not given.)

@item --help
@itemx -h
@cindex @code{--help} (@code{-h}) command line option
Output a brief description of the available Info command-line options.

@item --index-search @var{string}
@cindex @code{--index-search} command line option
@cindex index search, selecting from the command line
@cindex online help, using Info as
After processing all command-line arguments, go to the index in the
selected Info file and search for index entries which match
@var{string}.  If such an entry is found, the Info session begins with
displaying the node pointed to by the first matching index entry;
press @kbd{,} to step through the rest of the matching entries.  If no
such entry exists, print @samp{no entries found} and exit with nonzero
status.  This can be used from another program as a way to provide
online help, or as a quick way of starting to read an Info file at a
certain node when you don't know the exact name of that node.

When used with the @option{--all} option, @command{info}
displays a menu of matching index entries (just as the
@code{virtual-index} command does; see @ref{Index Commands}).

This command can also be invoked from inside Info; @pxref{Searching
Commands}.

@item --init-file @var{INIT-FILE}
@anchor{--init-file}
@cindex @code{--init-file} command line option
Read key bindings and variable settings from @var{INIT-FILE} instead
of the @file{.infokey} file in your home directory.  @xref{Custom Key
Bindings}.

@item --node @var{nodename}
@itemx -n @var{nodename}
@cindex @code{--node} (@code{-n}) command line option
@cindex node, selecting from the command line
Specify a particular node to visit in the initial file that Info
loads.  You may specify @code{--node} multiple times: for an interactive
Info, each @var{nodename} is visited in its own window; for a
non-interactive Info (such as when @code{--output} is given) each
@var{nodename} is processed sequentially.

You can specify both the file and node to the @code{--node} option
using the usual Info syntax, but don't forget to escape the open and
close parentheses and whitespace from the shell; for example:@*
@t{info --node "(emacs)Buffers"}

@item --output @var{file}
@itemx -o @var{file}
@cindex @code{--output} (@code{-o}) command line option
@cindex file, outputting to
@cindex outputting to a file
Direct output to @var{file}.  Each node that Info visits will be
output to @var{file} instead of interactively viewed.  A value of
@code{-} for @var{file} means standard output.

@item --no-raw-escapes
@itemx --raw-escapes, -R
@anchor {--raw-escapes}
@cindex @code{--raw-escapes} (@code{-R}) command line option
@cindex colors in documents
@cindex ANSI escape sequences in documents
By default, Info passes SGR terminal control sequences (also known as
ANSI escape sequences) found in documents directly through to the
terminal.  If you use the @code{--no-raw-escapes} options, these
sequences are displayed as other control characters are; for example, an
@key{ESC} byte is displayed as @samp{^[}.  The @code{--raw-escapes} and
@code{-R} options do not do anything, but are included for completeness.

@ignore
@cindex man pages, bold and underline
@vindex GROFF_SGR
Some versions of Groff (@pxref{Top,,,groff,Groff}) produce man pages
with ANSI escape sequences for bold, italics, and underlined
characters, and for colorized text.  If your @command{man} command
uses a version of Groff that does this (original GNU Groff does), and
your terminal supports these sequences, Info will display any bold or
underlined text in man pages.  Some distributions have modified Groff
to require setting the @code{GROFF_SGR} environment variable to get
these sequences.  @xref{Invoking grotty,,, groff, Groff}.
@end ignore

@item --restore=@var{dribble-file}
@cindex @code{--restore} command line option
@cindex replaying recorded keystrokes
Read keystrokes from @var{dribble-file}, presumably recorded during
previous Info session (see the description of the @samp{--dribble}
option above).  When the keystrokes in the files are all read, Info
reverts its input to the usual interactive operation.

@item --show-malformed-multibytes
@itemx --no-show-malformed-multibytes
@cindex @code{--show-malformed-multibytes} command line option
@cindex malformed multibyte sequences, showing
Show malformed multibyte sequences in the output.  By default, such
sequences are dropped.

@anchor{--show-options}
@item --show-options
@itemx --usage
@itemx -O
@cindex @code{--show-options} (@code{--usage}, @code{-O}) command line option
@cindex command-line options, how to find
@cindex invocation description, how to find
Look for the node that describes how to invoke the
program.  The name of the program is taken from the other non-option
arguments on the command line.  For example, @samp{info emacs -O} loads
the @code{Emacs Invocation} node of the @code{emacs} manual.

This option is provided to make it easier to find the
most important usage information in a manual without navigating
through menu hierarchies.  The effect is similar to the @code{@kbd{M-x}
goto-invocation} command (@pxref{goto-invocation}) from inside Info.

@item --speech-friendly
@itemx -b
@cindex @code{--speech-friendly} (@code{-b}) command line option
@cindex speech synthesizers
On MS-DOS/MS-Windows only, this option causes Info to use standard
file I/O functions for screen writes.  (By default, Info uses direct
writes to the video memory on these systems, for faster operation and
colored display support.)  This allows the speech synthesizers used by
blind persons to catch the output and convert it to audible speech.

@item --strict-node-location 
@cindex @code{--strict-node-location} command line option
This option causes Info not to search ``nearby'' to locate nodes, and
instead strictly use the information provided in the Info file.  The
practical use for this option is for debugging programs that write
Info files, to check that they are outputting the correct locations.
Due to bugs and malfeasances in the various Info writing programs over
the years and versions, it is not advisable to ever use this option
when just trying to read documentation.

@item --subnodes
@cindex @code{--subnodes}, command line option
This option only has meaning when given in conjunction with
@code{--output}.  It means to recursively output the nodes appearing in
the menus of each node being output.  Menu items which resolve to
external Info files are not output, and neither are menu items which are
members of an index.  Each node is only output once.

@anchor{variable-assignment}
@item -v @var{name}=@var{value}
@itemx --variable=@var{name}=@var{value}
@cindex @code{--variable} (@code{-v}) command line option
@cindex variable assignment
Set the @command{info} variable @var{name} to @var{value}.
@xref{Variables}.

@item --version
@cindex @code{--version} command line option
@cindex version information
Prints the version information of Info and exits.

@anchor{--vi-keys}
@item --vi-keys
@cindex @code{--vi-keys} command line option
@cindex vi-like key bindings
@cindex Less-like key bindings
This option binds functions to keys differently, to emulate the key
bindings of @code{vi} and Less.  The bindings activated by this option
are documented in @ref{@t{infokey} format}.  (@xref{Custom Key Bindings} 
for a more general way of altering GNU Info's key bindings.)

@item --where
@itemx --location
@itemx -w
@cindex @code{--where} (@code{--location}, @code{-w}) command line option
@cindex Info manual location
@cindex Where is an Info manual?
Show the filename that would be read and exit, instead of actually
reading it and starting Info.
@end table

Finally, Info defines many default key bindings and variables.
@xref{Custom Key Bindings} for information on how to customize these
settings.

@c FIXME: the feature with lowercasing the file name isn't documented


@node Cursor Commands
@chapter Moving the Cursor
@cindex cursor, moving
@cindex moving the cursor

GNU Info has several commands which allow you to move the cursor about
the screen.
The notation used in this manual to describe keystrokes
is the same as the notation used within the Emacs manual
(@pxref{User Input,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
@kbd{C-@var{x}} means press the @key{CTRL} key and the
key @var{x}.  @kbd{M-@var{x}} means press the @key{META} key and
the key @var{x}.  On many terminals the @key{META} key is known as
the @key{ALT} key.  @key{SPC} is the space bar.  The other keys are
usually called by the names printed on them.

The following table lists the basic cursor movement commands in Info.
Each entry consists of the key sequence you should type to execute the
cursor movement, the @kbd{M-x} command name (displayed
in parentheses), and a short description of what the command
does.@footnote{@kbd{M-x} is also a command;
it invokes @code{execute-extended-command}, letting you run a command
by name.  @xref{M-x, , Executing an extended command, emacs, The GNU
Emacs Manual}, for more detailed information.}
All of the cursor motion commands can take a @dfn{numeric} argument
(see @ref{Miscellaneous Commands, @code{universal-argument}} to find
out how to supply them).  With a numeric argument, the motion commands
are simply executed that many times; for example, a numeric argument
of 4 given to @code{next-line} causes the cursor to move down 4 lines.
With a negative numeric argument, the motion is reversed; an argument
of @minus{}4 given to the @code{next-line} command would cause the
cursor to move @emph{up} 4 lines.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-n} (@code{next-line})
@itemx @key{DOWN} (an arrow key)
@kindex C-n
@kindex DOWN (an arrow key)
@findex next-line
Move the cursor down to the next line.

@item @kbd{C-p} (@code{prev-line})
@itemx @key{UP} (an arrow key)
@kindex C-p
@kindex UP (an arrow key)
@findex prev-line
Move the cursor up to the previous line.

@item @kbd{C-a} (@code{beginning-of-line})
@itemx @key{Home} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex C-a, in Info windows
@kindex Home
@findex beginning-of-line
Move the cursor to the start of the current line.

@item @kbd{C-e} (@code{end-of-line})
@itemx @key{End} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex C-e, in Info windows
@kindex End
@findex end-of-line
Move the cursor to the end of the current line.

@item @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char})
@itemx @key{RIGHT} (an arrow key)
@kindex C-f, in Info windows
@kindex RIGHT (an arrow key)
@findex forward-char
Move the cursor forward a character.

@item @kbd{C-b} (@code{backward-char})
@itemx @key{LEFT} (an arrow key)
@kindex C-b, in Info windows
@kindex LEFT (an arrow key)
@findex backward-char
Move the cursor backward a character.

@item @kbd{M-f} (@code{forward-word})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{RIGHT}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex M-f, in Info windows
@kindex C-RIGHT
@findex forward-word
Move the cursor forward a word.

@item @kbd{M-b} (@code{backward-word})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{LEFT}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex M-b, in Info windows
@kindex C-LEFT
@findex backward-word
Move the cursor backward a word.

@item @kbd{M-<} (@code{beginning-of-node})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{Home}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@itemx @kbd{b}
@kindex b, in Info windows
@kindex M-<
@kindex C-Home
@findex beginning-of-node
Move the cursor to the start of the current node.

@item @kbd{M->} (@code{end-of-node})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{End}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@itemx @kbd{e}
@kindex M->
@kindex e, in Info windows
@kindex C-End
@findex end-of-node
Move the cursor to the end of the current node.

@item @kbd{M-r} (@code{move-to-window-line})
@kindex M-r
@findex move-to-window-line
Move the cursor to a specific line of the window.  Without a numeric
argument, @code{M-r} moves the cursor to the start of the line in the
center of the window.  With a numeric argument of @var{n}, @code{M-r}
moves the cursor to the start of the @var{n}th line in the window.
@end table


@node Scrolling Commands
@chapter Moving Text Within a Window
@cindex scrolling

Sometimes you are looking at a screenful of text, and only part of the
current paragraph you are reading is visible on the screen.  The
commands detailed in this section are used to shift which part of the
current node is visible on the screen.

@table @asis
@item @key{SPC} (@code{scroll-forward})
@kindex SPC, in Info windows
@itemx @key{NEXT}
@kindex NEXT
@findex scroll-forward
Shift the text in this window up.  That is, show more of the node which
is currently below the bottom of the window.  With a numeric argument,
show that many more lines at the bottom of the window; a numeric
argument of 4 would shift all of the text in the window up 4 lines
(discarding the top 4 lines), and show you four new lines at the bottom
of the window.  Without a numeric argument, @key{SPC} takes the bottom
two lines of the window and places them at the top of the window,
redisplaying almost a completely new screenful of lines.  If you are at
the end of a node, @key{SPC} takes you to the ``next'' node, so that you can
read an entire manual from start to finish by repeating @key{SPC}.

@kindex PageDown
The @key{NEXT} key is known as the @key{PageDown} key on some
keyboards.

@item @kbd{C-v} (@code{scroll-forward-page-only})
@kindex C-v
@findex scroll-forward-page-only
Shift the text in this window up.  This is identical to the @key{SPC}
operation above, except that it never scrolls beyond the end of the
current node.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} scroll-forward-page-only-set-window}
@findex scroll-forward-page-only-set-window
Scroll forward, like with @kbd{C-v}, but if a numeric argument is
specified, it becomes the default scroll size for subsequent
@code{scroll-forward} and @code{scroll-backward} commands and their
ilk.

@item @key{DEL} (@code{scroll-backward})
@kindex DEL, in Info windows
@item @key{PREVIOUS}
@kindex PREVIOUS
@findex scroll-backward
Shift the text in this window down.  The inverse of
@code{scroll-forward}.
If you are at the start of a node, @key{DEL} takes you to the
``previous'' node, so that you can read an entire manual from finish to
start by repeating @key{DEL}.  The default scroll size can be changed by
invoking the (@code{scroll-backward-page-only-set-window}) command with
a numeric argument.

@kindex BS (backspace)
If your keyboard lacks the @key{DEL} key, look for a key called
@key{BS}, or @samp{Backspace}, sometimes designated with an arrow which
points to the left, which should perform the same function.

@kindex PageUp
The @key{PREVIOUS} key is the @key{PageUp} key on many keyboards.  Emacs
refers to it by the name @key{PRIOR}.

@item @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-backward-page-only})
@kindex M-v
@findex scroll-backward-page-only
Shift the text in this window down.  The inverse of
@code{scroll-forward-page-only}.  Does not scroll beyond the start of
the current node.  The default scroll size can be changed by invoking
the @code{scroll-backward-page-only-set-window} command with a numeric
argument.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} scroll-backward-page-only-set-window}
@findex scroll-backward-page-only-set-window
Scroll backward, like with @kbd{M-v}, but if a numeric argument is
specified, it becomes the default scroll size for subsequent
@code{scroll-forward} and @code{scroll-backward} commands.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} down-line}
@findex down-line
Scroll forward by one line.  With a numeric argument, scroll forward
that many lines.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} up-line}
@findex up-line
Scroll backward one line.  With a numeric argument, scroll backward that
many lines.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} scroll-half-screen-down}
@findex scroll-half-screen-down
Scroll forward by half of the screen size.  With a numeric argument,
scroll that many lines.  If an argument is specified, it becomes the new
default number of lines to scroll for subsequent
@code{scroll-half-screen-down} and @code{scroll-half-screen-up} commands.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} scroll-half-screen-up}
@findex scroll-half-screen-up
Scroll back by half of the screen size.  With a numeric argument,
scroll that many lines.  If an argument is specified, it becomes the new
default number of lines to scroll for subsequent
@code{scroll-half-screen-down} and @code{scroll-half-screen-up} 
commands.
@end table

@cindex scrolling through node structure
The @code{scroll-forward} and @code{scroll-backward} commands can also
move forward and backward through the node structure of the file.  If
you press @key{SPC} while viewing the end of a node, or @key{DEL} while
viewing the beginning of a node, what happens is controlled by the
variable @code{scroll-behavior} (@pxref{scroll-behavior}).

The @code{scroll-forward-page-only} and @code{scroll-backward-page-only}
commands never scroll beyond the current node.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-l} (@code{redraw-display})
@kindex C-l
@findex redraw-display
Redraw the display from scratch, or shift the line containing the cursor
to a specified location.  With no numeric argument, @samp{C-l} clears
the screen, and then redraws its entire contents.  Given a numeric
argument of @var{n}, the line containing the cursor is shifted so that
it is on the @var{n}th line of the window.

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{w}} (@code{toggle-wrap})
@kindex C-w
@findex toggle-wrap
Toggles the state of line wrapping in the current window.  Normally,
lines which are longer than the screen width @dfn{wrap}, i.e., they are
continued on the next line.  Lines which wrap have a @samp{\} appearing
in the rightmost column of the screen.  You can cause such lines to be
terminated at the rightmost column by changing the state of line
wrapping in the window with @kbd{C-x w}.  When a line which needs more
space than one screen width to display is displayed, a @samp{$} appears
in the rightmost column of the screen, and the remainder of the line is
invisible.  When long lines are truncated, the mode line displays the
@samp{$} character near its left edge.
@end table


@node Node Commands
@chapter Selecting a Node
@cindex nodes, selection of

This section details the numerous Info commands which select a new node
to view in the current window.

The most basic node commands are @samp{n}, @samp{p}, @samp{u}, and
@samp{l}.

When you are viewing a node, the top line of the node contains some Info
@dfn{pointers} which describe where the next, previous, and up nodes
are.  Info uses this line to move about the node structure of the file
when you use the following commands:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{n} (@code{next-node})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{NEXT}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex n
@kindex C-NEXT
@findex next-node
Select the `Next' node.

@kindex C-PgDn
The @key{NEXT} key is known as the @key{PgDn} key on some
keyboards.

@item @kbd{p} (@code{prev-node})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{PREVIOUS}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex p
@kindex C-PREVIOUS
@findex prev-node
Select the `Prev' node.

@kindex C-PgUp
The @key{PREVIOUS} key is known as the @key{PgUp} key on some
keyboards.

@item @kbd{u} (@code{up-node})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{UP}} (an arrow key on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex u
@kindex C-UP
@findex up-node
Select the `Up' node.
@end table

You can easily select a node that you have already viewed in this window
by using the @samp{l} command---this name stands for ``last'', and
actually moves backwards through the history of visited nodes for this
window.  This is handy when you followed a reference to another node,
possibly to read about a related issue, and would like then to resume
reading at the same place where you started the excursion.

Each node where you press @samp{l} is discarded from the history.  Thus,
by the time you get to the first node you visited in a window, the
entire history of that window is discarded.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{l} (@code{history-node})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{CENTER}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex l
@kindex C-CENTER
@findex history-node
Pop the most recently selected node in this window from the node
history.
@end table

Two additional commands make it easy to select the most commonly
selected nodes; they are @samp{t} and @samp{d}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{t} (@code{top-node})
@kindex t
@findex top-node
Select the node @samp{Top} in the current Info file.

@item @kbd{d} (@code{dir-node})
@kindex d
@findex dir-node
Select the directory node (i.e., the node @samp{(dir)}).
@end table

Here are some other commands which immediately result in the selection
of a different node in the current window:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{<} (@code{first-node})
@kindex <
@findex first-node
Selects the first node which appears in this file.  This node is most
often @samp{Top}, but it does not have to be.  With a numeric argument
@var{N}, select the @var{N}th node (the first node is node 1).  An
argument of zero is the same as the argument of 1.

@item @kbd{>} (@code{last-node})
@kindex >
@findex last-node
Select the last node which appears in this file.  With a numeric argument
@var{N}, select the @var{N}th node (the first node is node 1).  An
argument of zero is the same as no argument, i.e., it selects the last
node.

@item @kbd{]} (@code{global-next-node})
@kindex ]
@findex global-next-node
Move forward through the node structure.  If the node that you are
currently viewing has a menu, select the first menu item.  Otherwise,
if this node has a @samp{Next} pointer, follow it.  If there is no menu
and no @samp{Next} pointer, then follow @samp{Up} pointers until there
is a @samp{Next} pointer, and then follow it.

@item @kbd{[} (@code{global-prev-node})
@kindex [
@findex global-prev-node
Move backward through the node structure.  If the node that you are
currently viewing has a @samp{Prev} pointer, that node is selected.
Otherwise, if the node has an @samp{Up} pointer, that node is selected,
and if it has a menu, the last item in the menu is selected.
@end table

You can get the same behavior as @code{global-next-node} and
@code{global-prev-node} while simply scrolling through the file with
@key{SPC} and @key{DEL} (@pxref{scroll-behavior}).

@table @asis
@anchor{goto-node}
@item @kbd{g} (@code{goto-node})
@kindex g
@findex goto-node
Read the name of a node and select it.  If the desired node resides in
some other file, you must type the node as it appears in that Info file,
and include the name of the other file.  For example,

@example
@code{g(emacs)Buffers}
@end example

@noindent
finds the node @samp{Buffers} in the Info file @file{emacs}.

While reading the node name, completion (@pxref{The Echo Area,
completion}) is only done for the nodes which reside in one of the Info
files that were loaded in the current Info session.

@anchor{goto-invocation}
@item @kbd{O} (@code{goto-invocation})
@kindex O
@findex goto-invocation
@cindex finding the Invocation node
Read the name of a program and look for a node in the current Info file
which describes the invocation and the command-line options for that
program.  The default program name is derived from the name of the
current Info file.  This command does the same as the
@samp{--show-options} command-line option (@pxref{--show-options}), but
it also allows to specify the program name; this is important for those
manuals which describe several programs.

If you need to find the Invocation node of a program that is documented
in another Info file, you need to visit that file before invoking
@samp{O}.  For example, if you are reading the Emacs manual and want to
see the command-line options of the @code{makeinfo} program, type @kbd{g
(texinfo) @key{RET}} and then @kbd{I makeinfo @key{RET}}.  If you don't
know what Info file documents the command, or if invoking @samp{O}
doesn't display the right node, go to the @samp{(dir)} node (using the
@samp{d} command) and invoke @samp{O} from there.

@item @kbd{G} (@code{menu-sequence})
@kindex G
@findex menu-sequence
@cindex menu, following, from inside Info
Read a sequence of menu entries and follow it.  Info prompts for a
sequence of menu items separated by commas.  (Since commas are not
allowed in a node name, they are a natural choice for a delimiter in a
list of menu items.)  Info then looks up the first item in the menu of
the node @samp{(dir)} (if the @samp{(dir)} node cannot be found, Info
uses @samp{Top}).  If such an entry is found, Info goes to the node it
points to and looks up the second item in the menu of that node, etc.
In other words, you can specify a complete path which descends through
the menu hierarchy of a particular Info file starting at the
@samp{(dir)} node.  This has the same effect as if you typed the menu
item sequence on Info's command line, see @ref{command-line menu items,,
Info command-line arguments processing}.  For example,

@example
 @kbd{G Texinfo,Overview,Reporting Bugs @key{RET}}
@end example

@noindent
displays the node @samp{Reporting Bugs} in the Texinfo manual.  (You
don't actually need to type the menu items in their full length, or in
their exact letter-case.  However, if you do type the menu items
exactly, Info will find it faster.)

If any of the menu items you type are not found, Info stops at the last
entry it did find and reports an error.

@item @kbd{C-x C-f} (@code{view-file})
@kindex C-x C-f
@findex view-file
Read the name of a file and selects the entire file.  The command
@example
@code{C-x C-f @var{filename}}
@end example
is equivalent to typing
@example
@code{g(@var{filename})*}
@end example

@item @kbd{C-x C-b} (@code{list-visited-nodes})
@kindex C-x C-b
@findex list-visited-nodes
Make a window containing a menu of all of the currently visited nodes.
This window becomes the selected window, and you may use the standard
Info commands within it.

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{b}} (@code{select-visited-node})
@kindex C-x b
@findex select-visited-node
Select a node which has been previously visited in a visible window.
This is similar to @samp{C-x C-b} followed by @samp{m}, but no window is
created.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} man}
@findex man
@cindex man pages, displaying
Read the name of a man page to load and display.  This uses the @command{man}
command on your system to retrieve the contents of the requested man page.
See also @ref{--raw-escapes}.

@end table


@node Searching Commands
@chapter Searching an Info File
@cindex searching

GNU Info allows you to search for a sequence of characters throughout an
entire Info file.  Here are the commands to do this:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{s} (@code{search})
@itemx @kbd{/}
@kindex s
@kindex /
@findex search
@cindex regular expression search
Read a string in the echo area and search for it, either as a regular
expression (by default) or a literal string.  If the string includes
upper-case characters, the Info file is searched case-sensitively;
otherwise Info ignores the letter case.  With a numeric argument of
@var{N}, search for @var{N}th occurrence of the string.  Negative
arguments search backwards.

@item @kbd{?} (@code{search-backward})
@kindex ?
@findex search-backward
Read a string in the echo area and search backward through the Info file
for that string.  If the string includes upper-case characters, the Info
file is searched case-sensitively; otherwise Info ignores the letter
case.  With a numeric argument of @var{N}, search for @var{N}th
occurrence of the string.  Negative arguments search forward.

@anchor{repeated-search}
@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{n}} (@code{search-next})
@itemx @kbd{@}}
@kindex C-x n
@kindex @}
@findex search-next
@cindex repeated search
Search forwards for the string used for the last search command.
Case sensitivity and use of regular expressions are kept the same.  With
a numeric argument of @var{n}, search for @var{n}th next occurrence.

By default, the search starts at the position immediately following
the cursor.  However, if the variable @code{search-skip-screen}
(@pxref{Variables,, @code{search-skip-screen}}) is set, it starts at
the beginning of the next page, thereby skipping all visibly displayed
lines.

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{N}} (@code{search-previous})
@itemx @kbd{@{}
@kindex C-x N
@kindex @{
@findex search-previous
Just like @code{search-next}, but in reverse.  You can use
@code{search-next} and @code{search-previous} together to move forward
and backward through matches.  @code{search-previous} usually goes to
the place in the file that was displayed before an immediately preceding
@code{search-next}, and vice versa.@footnote{This sometimes doesn't
happen when @code{search-skip-screen} is @code{On}, and the search goes
across nodes.}


@item @kbd{R} (@code{toggle-regexp})
@kindex R
@findex toggle-regexp
Toggle between using regular expressions and literal strings for
searching.  Info uses so-called `extended' regular expression syntax
(@pxref{Regular Expressions,,, grep, GNU Grep}).

@item @kbd{S} (@code{search-case-sensitively})
@kindex S
@findex search-case-sensitively
@cindex search, case-sensitive
@cindex case-sensitive search
Read a string in the echo area and search for it case-sensitively, even
if the string includes only lower-case letters.  With a numeric argument
of @var{N}, search for @var{N}th occurrence of the string.  Negative
arguments search backwards.

@item @kbd{C-s} (@code{isearch-forward})
@kindex C-s
@findex isearch-forward
@cindex incremental search
Interactively search forward through the Info file for a string as you
type it.  If the string includes upper-case characters, the search is
case-sensitive; otherwise Info ignores the letter case.

@item @kbd{C-r} (@code{isearch-backward})
@kindex C-r
@findex isearch-backward
Interactively search backward through the Info file for a string as
you type it.  If the string includes upper-case characters, the search
is case-sensitive; otherwise Info ignores the letter case.

@item @kbd{M-/} (@code{tree-search})
@findex tree-search
Recursively search this node and any subnodes listed in menus for a 
string.

@item @kbd{M-@}} (@code{tree-search-next})
@itemx @kbd{M-@{} (@code{tree-search-previous})
@findex tree-search-next
@findex tree-search-previous
Go forwards and backwards through the matches for an active tree search.
@end table

The most basic searching command is @samp{s} or @samp{/}
(@code{search}).  The @samp{s} command prompts you for a string in the
echo area, and then searches the remainder of the Info file for an
occurrence of that string.  If the string is found, the node containing
it is selected, and the cursor is left positioned at the start of the
found string.  Subsequent @samp{s} commands show you the default search
string; pressing @key{RET} instead of typing a new string will use the
default search string.

@dfn{Incremental searching} is similar to basic searching, but the
string is looked up while you are typing it, instead of waiting until
the entire search string has been specified.

The tree search can be used from the @code{dir} node to search through
all Info files installed on the system.  It can also be used to search 
through a particular chapter of a manual when you are not interested in
matches in other chapters.

@vindex highlight-searches
@findex clear-search
If the @code{highlight-searches} variable is set, matches from search
commands will be highlighted.  @xref{Variables,, @code{highlight-searches}}.
Use the @code{@kbd{M-x} clear-search} command to clear any search highlights.

@cindex search, and case-sensitivity
@cindex case-sensitivity, and search
Both incremental and non-incremental search by default ignore the case
of letters when comparing the Info file text with the search string.
However, an uppercase letter in the search string makes the search
case-sensitive.  You can force a case-sensitive non-incremental search,
even for a string that includes only lower-case letters, by using the
@samp{S} command (@code{search-case-sensitively}).  The @samp{n} and
@samp{N} commands operate case-sensitively if the last search command
was @samp{S}.

Normally, the search pattern should not be shorter than some
predefined limit.  By default, this limit is set to 1 character.
@xref{min-search-length} for more information on this.


@node Index Commands
@chapter Index Commands
@cindex index
@cindex indices
@cindex indexes

GNU Info has commands to search through the indices of an Info file, 
which helps you find areas within an Info file which discuss a 
particular topic.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{i} (@code{index-search})
@kindex i
@findex index-search
@cindex index, searching
@cindex searching, in the indices
Look up a string in the indices for this Info file, and select a node
to which the found index entry points.

@item @kbd{I} (@code{virtual-index})
@kindex I
@findex virtual-index
@cindex index, virtual
Look up a string in the indices for this Info file, and show all the
matches in a new virtual node, synthesized on the fly.

@item @kbd{,} (@code{next-index-match})
@kindex ,
@findex next-index-match
Move to the node containing the next matching index item from the last
@samp{i} command.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} index-apropos}
@findex index-apropos
Grovel the indices of all the known Info files on your system for a
string, and build a menu of the possible matches.
@end table

The most efficient means of finding something quickly in a manual is
the @samp{i} command (@code{index-search}).  This command prompts for
a string, and then looks for that string in all the indices of the
current Info manual.  If it finds a matching index entry, it displays
the node to which that entry refers and prints the full text of the
entry in the echo area.  You can press @samp{,}
(@code{next-index-match}) to find more matches.  A good Info manual
has all of its important concepts indexed, so the @samp{i} command
lets you use a manual as a reference.

If you don't know what manual documents something, try the @kbd{M-x
index-apropos} command.  It prompts for a string and then looks up
that string in all the indices of all the Info documents installed on
your system.  It can also be invoked from the command line; see
@ref{--apropos}.


@node Xref Commands
@chapter Selecting Cross-references

We have already discussed the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up}
pointers which appear at the top of a node.  In addition to these
pointers, a node may contain other pointers which refer you to a
different node, perhaps in another Info file.  Such pointers are called
@dfn{cross-references}, or @dfn{xrefs} for short.

@menu
* Parts of an Xref::            What a cross-reference is made of.
* Selecting Xrefs::             Commands for selecting menu or note items.
@end menu

@node Parts of an Xref
@section Parts of an Xref

Cross-references have two major parts: the first part is called the
@dfn{label}; it is the name that you can use to refer to the cross
reference, and the second is the @dfn{target}; it is the full name of
the node that the cross-reference points to.

The target is separated from the label by a colon @samp{:}; first the
label appears, and then the target.  For example, in the sample menu
cross-reference below, the single colon separates the label from the
target.

@example
* Foo Label: Foo Target.        More information about Foo.
@end example

Note the @samp{.} which ends the name of the target.  The @samp{.} is
not part of the target; it serves only to let Info know where the target
name ends.

A shorthand way of specifying references allows two adjacent colons to
stand for a target name which is the same as the label name:

@example
* Foo Commands::                Commands pertaining to Foo.
@end example

In the above example, the name of the target is the same as the name of
the label, in this case @code{Foo Commands}.

You will normally see two types of cross-reference while viewing nodes:
@dfn{menu} references, and @dfn{note} references.  Menu references
appear within a node's menu; they begin with a @samp{*} at the beginning
of a line, and continue with a label, a target, and a comment which
describes what the contents of the node pointed to contains.

Note references appear within the body of the node text; they begin with
@code{*Note}, and continue with a label and a target.

Like @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} pointers, cross-references
can point to any valid node.  They are used to refer you to a place
where more detailed information can be found on a particular subject.
Here is a cross-reference which points to a node within the Texinfo
documentation:  @xref{xref, , Writing an Xref, texinfo, the Texinfo
Manual}, for more information on creating your own texinfo cross
references.

@node Selecting Xrefs
@section Selecting Xrefs

The following table lists the Info commands which operate on menu items.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{1} (@code{menu-digit})
@itemx @kbd{2} @dots{} @kbd{9}
@itemx @kbd{M-1}, vi-like operation
@itemx @kbd{M-2} @dots{} @kbd{M-9}, vi-like operation
@cindex 1 @dots{} 9, in Info windows
@cindex M-1 @dots{} M-9, vi-like operation
@kindex 1 @dots{} 9, in Info windows
@kindex M-1 @dots{} M-9, vi-like operation
@findex menu-digit
Within an Info window, pressing a single digit, (such as @samp{1}),
selects that menu item, and places its node in the current window.
For convenience, there is one exception; pressing @samp{0} selects the
@emph{last} item in the node's menu.  When @samp{--vi-keys} is in
effect, digits set the numeric argument, so these commands are remapped
to their @samp{M-} varieties.  For example, to select the last menu
item, press @kbd{M-0}.

@item @kbd{0} (@code{last-menu-item})
@itemx @kbd{M-0}, vi-like operation
@kindex 0, in Info windows
@kindex M-0, vi-like operation
@findex last-menu-item
Select the last item in the current node's menu.

@item @kbd{m} (@code{menu-item})
@kindex m
@findex menu-item
Reads the name of a menu item in the echo area and selects its node.
Completion is available while reading the menu label.  @xref{The Echo
Area, completion}.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} find-menu}
@findex find-menu
Move the cursor to the start of this node's menu.
@end table

This table lists the Info commands which operate on cross-references.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{f} (@code{xref-item})
@itemx @kbd{r}
@kindex f
@kindex r
@findex xref-item
Reads the name of a note cross-reference in the echo area and selects
its node.  Completion is available while reading the cross-reference
label.  @xref{The Echo Area, completion}.
@end table

Finally, the next few commands operate on menu or note references alike:

@table @asis
@item @key{TAB} (@code{move-to-next-xref})
@kindex TAB, in Info windows
@findex move-to-next-xref
Move the cursor to the start of the next nearest menu item or note
reference in this node.  You can then use @key{RET}
(@code{select-reference-this-line}) to select the menu or note reference.

@item @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{move-to-prev-xref})
@itemx @kbd{BackTab}
@itemx @kbd{Shift-@key{TAB}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex M-TAB, in Info windows
@findex move-to-prev-xref
Move the cursor the start of the nearest previous menu item or note
reference in this node.

@kindex Shift-TAB, in Info windows
@kindex BackTab, in Info windows
The @kbd{BackTab} key can be produced on some terminals with
@kbd{Shift-@key{TAB}}. 

@item @key{RET} (@code{select-reference-this-line})
@kindex RET, in Info windows
@findex select-reference-this-line
Select the menu item or note reference appearing on this line.
@end table


@node Window Commands
@chapter Manipulating Multiple Windows
@cindex windows, manipulating

A @dfn{window} is a place to show the text of a node.  Windows have a
view area where the text of the node is displayed, and an associated
@dfn{mode line}, which briefly describes the node being viewed.

GNU Info supports multiple windows appearing in a single screen; each
window is separated from the next by its mode line.  At any time, there
is only one @dfn{active} window, that is, the window in which the cursor
appears.  There are commands available for creating windows, changing
the size of windows, selecting which window is active, and for deleting
windows.

@menu
* The Mode Line::               What appears in the mode line?
* Basic Windows::               Manipulating windows in Info.
* The Echo Area::               Used for displaying errors and reading input.
@end menu

@node The Mode Line
@section The Mode Line

A @dfn{mode line} is a line of inverse video which appears at the bottom
of an Info window.  It describes the contents of the window just above
it; this information includes the name of the file and node appearing in
that window, the number of screen lines it takes to display the node,
and the percentage of text that is above the top of the window.

Here is a sample mode line for a window containing a file
named @file{dir}, showing the node @samp{Top}.

@example
@group
-----Info: (dir)Top, 40 lines --Top-------------------------------------
            ^^   ^   ^^^        ^^
          (file)Node #lines    where
@end group
@end example

Truncation of long lines (as opposed to wrapping them to the next
display line, @pxref{Scrolling Commands, toggle-wrap}) is indicated by a
@samp{$} at the left edge of the mode line:

@example
--$--Info: (texinfo)Top, 480 lines --Top--------------------------------
@end example

When Info makes a node internally, such that there is no corresponding
info file on disk, the name of the node is surrounded by asterisks
(@samp{*}).  The name itself tells you what the contents of the window
are; the sample mode line below shows an internally constructed node
showing possible completions:

@example
-----Info: *Completions*, 7 lines --All---------------------------------
@end example

@node Basic Windows
@section Window Commands

It can be convenient to view more than one node at a time.  To allow
this, Info can display more than one @dfn{window}.  Each window has its
own mode line (@pxref{The Mode Line}) and history of nodes viewed in that
window (@pxref{Node Commands, , @code{history-node}}).

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{o}} (@code{next-window})
@cindex windows, selecting
@kindex C-x o
@findex next-window
Select the next window on the screen.  Note that the echo area can only be
selected if it is already in use, and you have left it temporarily.
Normally, @samp{C-x o} simply moves the cursor into the next window on
the screen, or if you are already within the last window, into the first
window on the screen.  Given a numeric argument, @samp{C-x o} moves over
that many windows.  A negative argument causes @samp{C-x o} to select
the previous window on the screen.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} prev-window}
@findex prev-window
Select the previous window on the screen.  This is identical to
@samp{C-x o} with a negative argument.

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{2}} (@code{split-window})
@cindex windows, creating
@kindex C-x 2
@findex split-window
Split the current window into two windows, both showing the same node.
Each window is one half the size of the original window, and the
cursor remains in the original window.  The variable
@code{automatic-tiling} can cause all of the windows on the screen to
be resized for you automatically (@pxref{Variables,,
@code{automatic-tiling}}).

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{0}} (@code{delete-window})
@cindex windows, deleting
@kindex C-x 0
@findex delete-window
Delete the current window from the screen.  If you have made too many
windows and your screen appears cluttered, this is the way to get rid of
some of them.

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{1}} (@code{keep-one-window})
@kindex C-x 1
@findex keep-one-window
Delete all of the windows excepting the current one.

@item @kbd{@key{ESC} @kbd{C-v}} (@code{scroll-other-window})
@kindex ESC C-v, in Info windows
@findex scroll-other-window
Scroll the other window, in the same fashion that @samp{C-v} might
scroll the current window.  Given a negative argument, scroll the
``other'' window backward.

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{^}} (@code{grow-window})
@kindex C-x ^
@findex grow-window
Grow (or shrink) the current window.  Given a numeric argument, grow
the current window that many lines; with a negative numeric argument,
shrink the window instead.

@item @kbd{C-x @kbd{t}} (@code{tile-windows})
@cindex tiling
@kindex C-x t
@findex tile-windows
Divide the available screen space among all of the visible windows.
Each window is given an equal portion of the screen in which to
display its contents.  The variable @code{automatic-tiling} can cause
@code{tile-windows} to be called when a window is created or deleted.
@xref{Variables,, @code{automatic-tiling}}.
@end table

@node The Echo Area
@section The Echo Area
@cindex echo area

The @dfn{echo area} is a one line window which appears at the bottom of
the screen.  It is used to display informative or error messages, and to
read lines of input from you when that is necessary.  Almost all of the
commands available in the echo area are identical to their Emacs
counterparts, so please refer to that documentation for greater depth of
discussion on the concepts of editing a line of text.  The following
table briefly lists the commands that are available while input is being
read in the echo area:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-f} (@code{echo-area-forward})
@itemx @key{RIGHT} (an arrow key)
@kindex C-f, in the echo area
@kindex RIGHT, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-forward
Move forward a character.

@item @kbd{C-b} (@code{echo-area-backward})
@itemx @key{LEFT} (an arrow key)
@kindex LEFT, in the echo area
@kindex C-b, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-backward
Move backward a character.

@item @kbd{C-a} (@code{echo-area-beg-of-line})
@kindex C-a, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-beg-of-line
Move to the start of the input line.

@item @kbd{C-e} (@code{echo-area-end-of-line})
@kindex C-e, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-end-of-line
Move to the end of the input line.

@item @kbd{M-f} (@code{echo-area-forward-word})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{RIGHT}} (DOS/Windows only)
@kindex M-f, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-forward-word
Move forward a word.

@kindex C-RIGHT, in the echo area
On DOS/Windows, @kbd{C-@key{RIGHT}} moves forward by words.

@item @kbd{M-b} (@code{echo-area-backward-word})
@itemx @kbd{C-@key{LEFT}} (DOS/Windows only)
@kindex M-b, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-backward-word
Move backward a word.

@kindex C-LEFT, in the echo area
On DOS/Windows, @kbd{C-@key{LEFT}} moves backward by words.

@item @kbd{C-d} (@code{echo-area-delete})
@kindex C-d, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-delete
Delete the character under the cursor.

@item @key{DEL} (@code{echo-area-rubout})
@kindex DEL, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-rubout
Delete the character behind the cursor.

On some keyboards, this key is designated @key{BS}, for
@samp{Backspace}.  Those keyboards will usually bind @key{DEL} in the
echo area to @code{echo-area-delete}.

@item @kbd{C-g} (@code{echo-area-abort})
@kindex C-g, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-abort
Cancel or quit the current operation.  If completion is being read, this
command discards the text of the input line which does not match any
completion.  If the input line is empty, it aborts the calling function.

@item @key{RET} (@code{echo-area-newline})
@kindex RET, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-newline
Accept (or forces completion of) the current input line.

@item @kbd{C-q} (@code{echo-area-quoted-insert})
@kindex C-q, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-quoted-insert
Insert the next character verbatim.  This is how you can insert control
characters into a search string.

@item @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{echo-area-tab-insert})
@itemx @kbd{Shift-@key{TAB}} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex M-TAB, in the echo area
@kindex Shift-TAB, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-tab-insert
Insert a @key{TAB} character.

@kindex Shift-TAB, in the echo area
@kindex BackTab, in the echo area
On DOS/Windows only, the @kbd{Shift-@key{TAB}} key is an alias for
@kbd{M-@key{TAB}}.  This key is sometimes called @samp{BackTab}.

@item @kbd{C-t} (@code{echo-area-transpose-chars})
@kindex C-t, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-transpose-chars
Transpose the characters at the cursor.

@item @var{printing character}
@kindex printing characters, in the echo area
Insert the character.

@end table

The next group of commands deal with @dfn{killing}, and @dfn{yanking}
text.  (Sometimes these operations are called @dfn{cut} and
@dfn{paste}, respectively.)  For an in-depth discussion, see
@ref{Killing, , Killing and Deleting, emacs, the GNU Emacs Manual}.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{M-d} (@code{echo-area-kill-word})
@kindex M-d, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-kill-word
Kill the word following the cursor.

@item @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} (@code{echo-area-backward-kill-word})
@itemx @kbd{M-@key{BS}}
@kindex M-DEL, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-backward-kill-word
Kill the word preceding the cursor.

@kindex M-BS, in the echo area
On some keyboards, the @samp{Backspace} key is used instead of
@code{DEL}, so @code{M-@key{Backspace}} has the same effect as
@code{M-@key{DEL}}.

@item @kbd{C-k} (@code{echo-area-kill-line})
@kindex C-k, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-kill-line
Kill the text from the cursor to the end of the line.

@item @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} (@code{echo-area-backward-kill-line})
@kindex C-x DEL, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-backward-kill-line
Kill the text from the cursor to the beginning of the line.

@item @kbd{C-y} (@code{echo-area-yank})
@kindex C-y, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-yank
Yank back the contents of the last kill.

@item @kbd{M-y} (@code{echo-area-yank-pop})
@kindex M-y, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-yank-pop
Yank back a previous kill, removing the last yanked text first.
@end table

@cindex completion
Sometimes when reading input in the echo area, the command that needed
input will only accept one of a list of several choices.  The choices
represent the @dfn{possible completions}, and you must respond with one
of them.  Since there are a limited number of responses you can make,
Info allows you to abbreviate what you type, only typing as much of the
response as is necessary to uniquely identify it.  In addition, you can
request Info to fill in as much of the response as is possible; this
is called @dfn{completion}.

The following commands are available when completing in the echo area:

@table @asis
@item @key{TAB} (@code{echo-area-complete})
@kindex TAB, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-complete
Insert as much of a completion as is possible.  Otherwise,
display a window containing a list of the possible completions of what
you have typed so far.  For example, if the available choices are:

@example
@group
bar
foliate
food
forget
@end group
@end example

@noindent
and you have typed an @samp{f}, followed by @key{TAB}, this
would result in @samp{fo} appearing in the echo area, since
all of the choices which begin with @samp{f} continue with @samp{o}.

Now if you type @key{TAB} again, Info will pop
up a window showing a node called @samp{*Completions*} which lists the
possible completions like this:

@example
@group
3 completions:
foliate         food
forget
@end group
@end example

@noindent
i.e., all of the choices which begin with @samp{fo}.

Now, typing @samp{l} followed by @samp{TAB} results in @samp{foliate}
appearing in the echo area, since that is the only choice which begins
with @samp{fol}.

@item @kbd{@key{ESC} C-v} (@code{echo-area-scroll-completions-window})
@kindex ESC C-v, in the echo area
@findex echo-area-scroll-completions-window
Scroll the completions window, if that is visible, or the ``other''
window if not.
@end table


@node Printing Nodes
@chapter Printing Nodes
@cindex printing

In general, we recommend that you use @TeX{} to format the document and
print sections of it, by running @code{tex} on the Texinfo source file.
However, you may wish to print out the contents of a node as a quick
reference document for later use, or if you don't have @TeX{} installed.
Info provides you with a command for doing this.

@table @asis
@item @code{@kbd{M-x} print-node}
@findex print-node
@cindex @env{INFO_PRINT_COMMAND}, environment variable
Pipe the contents of the current node through the command in the
environment variable @env{INFO_PRINT_COMMAND}.  If the variable does not
exist, the node is simply piped to @code{lpr} (on DOS/Windows, the
default is to print the node to the local printer device, @file{PRN}).

@cindex printing nodes to the local printer
@cindex local printer device
The value of @env{INFO_PRINT_COMMAND} may begin with the @samp{>}
character, as in @samp{>/dev/printer}, in which case Info treats the
rest as the name of a file or a device.  Instead of piping to a command,
Info opens the file, writes the node contents, and closes the file,
under the assumption that text written to that file will be printed by
the underlying OS.
@end table


@node Miscellaneous Commands
@chapter Miscellaneous Commands

GNU Info contains several commands which self-document GNU Info:

@table @asis
@item @code{@kbd{M-x} describe-command}
@cindex functions, describing
@cindex commands, describing
@findex describe-command
Read the name of an Info command in the echo area and then display a
brief description of what that command does.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} describe-key}
@cindex keys, describing
@findex describe-key
Read a key sequence in the echo area, and then display the name and
documentation of the Info command that the key sequence invokes.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} describe-variable}
Read the name of a variable in the echo area and then display a brief
description of what the variable affects.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} where-is}
@findex where-is
Read the name of an Info command in the echo area, and then display
a key sequence which can be typed in order to invoke that command.

@item @kbd{H} (@code{get-help-window})
@itemx @key{F1} (on DOS/Windows only)
@kindex C-h
@kindex ?, in Info windows
@kindex F1
@findex get-help-window
Create (or Move into) the window displaying @code{*Help*}, and place
a node containing a quick reference card into it.  This window displays
the most concise information about GNU Info available.

@item @kbd{h} (@code{get-info-help-node})
@kindex h
@findex get-info-help-node
Try hard to visit the node @code{(info)Help}.  The Info file
@file{info.texi} distributed with GNU Emacs contains
this node.  Of course, the file must first be processed with
@code{makeinfo}, and then placed into the location of your Info directory.

@item @kbd{=} (@code{display-file-info})
@cindex current file, information about
@findex display-file-info
@kindex =, in Info windows
Show information about what's currently being viewed in the echo area:
the Info file name, and current line number and percentage within the
current node.

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} info-version}
@findex info-version
Display the name and version of the currently running Info program.

@end table

Here are the commands for creating a numeric argument:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-u} (@code{universal-argument})
@cindex numeric arguments
@kindex C-u
@findex universal-argument
Start (or multiply by 4) the current numeric argument.  @samp{C-u} is
a good way to give a small numeric argument to cursor movement or
scrolling commands; @samp{C-u C-v} scrolls the screen 4 lines, while
@samp{C-u C-u C-n} moves the cursor down 16 lines.  @samp{C-u} followed
by digit keys sets the numeric argument to the number thus typed:
@kbd{C-u 1 2 0} sets the argument to 120.

@item @kbd{M-1} (@code{add-digit-to-numeric-arg})
@itemx @kbd{1}, vi-like operation
@itemx @kbd{M-2} @dots{} @kbd{M-9}
@itemx @kbd{2} @dots{} @kbd{9}, vi-like operation
@itemx @kbd{M-0}
@itemx @kbd{0}, vi-like operation
@kindex M-0 @dots{} M-9
@kindex 0 @dots{} 9, vi-like operation
@findex add-digit-to-numeric-arg
Add the digit value of the invoking key to the current numeric
argument.  Once Info is reading a numeric argument, you may just type
the digits of the argument, without the Meta prefix.  For example, you
might give @samp{C-l} a numeric argument of 32 by typing:

@example
@kbd{C-u 3 2 C-l}
@end example

@noindent
or

@example
@kbd{M-3 2 C-l}
@end example

@item @kbd{M--} (@code{add-digit-to-numeric-arg})
@itemx @kbd{-}
@kindex M--
@kindex -
@cindex negative arguments
@cindex arguments, negative
@cindex numeric arguments, negative
To make a negative argument, type @kbd{-}.  Typing @kbd{-} alone makes
a negative argument with a value of @minus{}1.  If you continue to
type digit or Meta-digit keys after @kbd{-}, the result is a negative
number produced by those digits.

@kbd{-} doesn't work when you type in the echo area, because you need to
be able to insert the @samp{-} character itself; use @kbd{M--} instead,
if you need to specify negative arguments in the echo area.
@end table

@key{C-g} is used to abort the reading of a multi-character key 
sequence, to cancel lengthy operations (such as multi-file searches) and 
to cancel reading input in the echo area.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{C-g} (@code{abort-key})
@cindex cancelling typeahead
@cindex cancelling the current operation
@kindex C-g, in Info windows
@findex abort-key
Cancel current operation.
@end table

The @samp{q} command of Info simply quits running Info.

@table @asis
@item @kbd{q} (@code{quit})
@itemx @kbd{C-x C-c}
@cindex quitting
@kindex q
@kindex C-x C-c
@findex quit
Exit GNU Info.
@end table

If the operating system tells GNU Info that the screen is 60 lines tall,
and it is actually only 40 lines tall, here is a way to tell Info that
the operating system is correct.

@table @asis
@item @code{@kbd{M-x} set-screen-height}
@findex set-screen-height
@cindex screen, changing the height of
Read a height value in the echo area and set the height of the
displayed screen to that value.
@end table

On MS-DOS/MS-Windows, this command actually tries to change the
dimensions of the visible screen to the value you type in the echo
area.

Finally, Info provides a convenient way to display footnotes which might
be associated with the current node that you are viewing:

@table @asis
@item @kbd{@key{ESC} C-f} (@code{show-footnotes})
@kindex ESC C-f
@findex show-footnotes
@cindex footnotes, displaying
Show the footnotes (if any) associated with the current node in
another window.  You can have Info automatically display the footnotes
associated with a node when the node is selected by setting the
variable @code{automatic-footnotes}.  @xref{Variables,,
@code{automatic-footnotes}}.
@end table


@node Variables
@chapter Manipulating Variables

GNU Info uses several internal @dfn{variables} whose values are looked
at by various Info commands.  You can change the values of these
variables, and thus change the behavior of Info, if desired.

There are three ways to set the value of a variable, listed here in
order of precedence:

@enumerate
@item
interactively, using the @code{set-variable} command described below;
@item
on the command line, using the @option{-v} (@option{--variable})
command line option (@pxref{variable-assignment});
@item
in the @code{#var} section of the @code{.infokey} file (@pxref{Custom
Key Bindings}).
@end enumerate

@table @asis
@item @code{@kbd{M-x} set-variable}
@cindex variables, setting
@findex set-variable
Read the name of a variable, and the value for it, in the echo area
and then set the variable to that value.  Completion is available when
reading the variable name (@pxref{The Echo Area}); completion is also
available when reading the value when that makes sense. 

@item @code{@kbd{M-x} describe-variable}
@cindex variables, describing
@findex describe-variable
Read the name of a variable in the echo area and display its value and
a brief description.
@end table

Here is a list of the variables that you can set in Info.

@vtable @code
@item automatic-footnotes
@cindex @code{*Footnotes*} window
@cindex footnotes window
When set to @code{On}, footnotes appear and disappear automatically;
else, they appear at the bottom of the node text.  This variable is
@code{Off} by default.  When a node is selected, a window containing
the footnotes which appear in that node is created, and the footnotes
are displayed within the new window.  The window that Info creates to
contain the footnotes is called @code{*Footnotes*}.  If a node is
selected which contains no footnotes, and a @code{*Footnotes*} window
is on the screen, the @code{*Footnotes*} window is deleted.  Footnote
windows created in this fashion are not automatically tiled so that
they can use as little of the display as is possible.

@item automatic-tiling
When set to @code{On}, creating or deleting a window resizes other
windows.  This variable is @code{Off} by default.  Normally, typing
@samp{C-x 2} divides the current window into two equal parts.  When
@code{automatic-tiling} is set to @code{On}, all of the windows are
resized automatically, keeping an equal number of lines visible in
each window.  Any @code{*Completions*} and @code{*Footnotes*} windows
are exceptions to the automatic tiling; they retain their original
size.

@anchor{cursor-movement-scrolls}
@item cursor-movement-scrolls
When set to @code{On}, when cursor movement commands reach the
top or bottom of a node, another node is loaded depending on the
value of @code{scroll-behavior} (see below).  This is the default.
When this variable is set to @code{Off}, cursor movements stop at the
top or bottom of a node.

@item errors-ring-bell
When set to @code{On} (the default), errors cause the bell to ring.

@item follow-strategy
When set to @code{remain} (the default), Info tries to remain within the
directory containing the currently displayed Info file when following a
cross-reference to an external manual, before looking for the referenced
manual in the search path.  The alternative value is @code{path}, which
means to look through the search path right away.

@code{remain} is intended to be useful for several Texinfo manuals that
all reference each other and whose versions should match each other.
(For example, various manuals relating to a particular version of
Emacs.)

The alternative behavior, with @code{path}, may be useful when your
Info file search path parallels your command shell's search path, and
you always want to find documentation of the version of the program that
the shell would execute.

@item gc-compressed-files
When set to @code{On}, Info garbage collects files which had to be
uncompressed.  The default value of this variable is @code{Off}.
Whenever a node is visited in Info, the Info file containing that node
is read into memory, and Info reads information about the tags and
nodes contained in that file.  Once the tags information is read by
Info, it is never forgotten.  However, the actual text of the nodes
does not need to be retained unless a particular Info window needs it.
For non-compressed files, node text is not remembered when it is no
longer in use.  But de-compressing a file can be a time-consuming
operation, and so Info tries hard not to do it twice.  This variable
tells Info it is okay to garbage collect the text of the nodes of a
file which was compressed on disk.

@item hide-note-references
By default, Info displays the contents of Info files mostly verbatim,
including text that is used by Info readers for navigation (for example,
marking the location of menus or cross-references).  If you set this
variable to @code{On}, some of this text is hidden, in a similar way to
the @code{Info-hide-note-references} variable in Emacs
(@pxref{Emacs Info Variables, , , info, Info}).

@item highlight-searches
When set to @code{On}, highlight matches from searching commands
(@pxref{Searching Commands}).

@item infopath-no-defaults
@anchor{infopath-no-defaults}
Used in conjunction with the @env{INFOPATH} environment variable
(@pxref{INFOPATH}).  When set to @code{On}, the default documentation
directory defined when Info was built (e.g., @file{/usr/share/info})
is not added to the search path for Info files.

@item ISO-Latin
@cindex ISO Latin characters
@cindex Meta key sets eighth bit
The default is @code{On}, which means that Info accepts and displays
characters represented by bytes with values 128 and above, such as
characters in the UTF-8 encoding or in various 8-bit ISO Latin
characters, as well as allowing you to input such characters.

The only reason to set this variable to @code{Off} would be if your
terminal set the eighth bit of a byte to represent the Meta key being
pressed.

@item key-time
@cindex slow network connections
Length of time in milliseconds to wait for the next byte of a byte
sequence generated by a key (or key chord) on the keyboard.  For
example, if the @kbd{down} key generates the byte sequence
@kbd{@key{ESC} O B}, and the two bytes @kbd{@key{ESC} O} have been
received, then a @kbd{B} byte would have to be received within this
length of time for a key press of @kbd{down} to be registered.  You
may wish to set this variable to a larger value for slow terminals or
network connections.

If you set this variable to 0, it's unspecified whether a recognized
byte sequence representing a key takes precedence over another
recognized sequence representing a key that is an initial subsequence of
the first sequence.  In some cases, you may be able to make pressing a
special key on the keyboard that Info doesn't know about (for example, a
function key) cause a command to be executed by setting this variable to
0, and giving the byte sequence the key sends in @file{.infokey}.
(@xref{Custom Key Bindings}.)

@anchor{min-search-length}
@item min-search-length
Minimum length of a search string (default 1).  Attempts to initiate a
search for a string (or regular expression) shorter than this value,
result in an error.

@item mouse
What method to use to get input from a mouse device.  The default value is
@samp{Off}.  Set this variable to @code{normal-tracking} to make Info use
``normal tracking mode'' if it detects that the terminal supports it.  This 
enables you to scroll the contents of the active window with a mouse 
scrollwheel.

@cindex Selecting text with the mouse
@cindex xterm mouse selections
On terminal emulators running under the X Window System, such as
@command{xterm}, you can usually select text with the mouse.  However,
mouse tracking mode may interfere with this.  When this happens, you may
be able to select text by holding down the @kbd{Shift} key while
clicking and dragging.

@item nodeline
@cindex node header line
How to print the node header line that appears at the top of each node.
By default only the pointers to neighbouring nodes are displayed
(the ``Next'', ``Prev'', and ``Up'' pointers): this corresponds to
the @code{pointers} value for this variable.  To print the entire line,
set @code{nodeline} to the value @code{print}, which will include the
filename and name of the node.  To not display the header line at all,
use the value @code{no}.

@anchor{scroll-behavior}
@item scroll-behavior
@itemx scroll-behaviour
The two variable names are synonymous.  Control what happens when
scrolling commands are used at the end or beginning of a node
(@pxref{Scrolling Commands}).  The default value for this variable is
@code{Continuous}.  Possible values:

@table @code
@item Continuous
Try to get the first item in this node's menu, or failing that, the
@samp{Next} node, or failing that, the @samp{Next} of the @samp{Up}
node.  This behavior is identical to using the @samp{]}
(@code{global-next-node}) and @samp{[} (@code{global-prev-node})
commands.

@item Next Only
Only try to get the @samp{Next} node.

@item Page Only
Just stop, changing nothing.  With this value, no scrolling command
can change the node that is being viewed.
@end table

This variable also affects cursor movement commands (@pxref{Cursor
Commands}) unless the @code{cursor-movement-scrolls} variable is set to
@code{Off}.  @xref{cursor-movement-scrolls}.

@item scroll-last-node
Control what happens when a scrolling command is issued at the end of
the last node. Possible values are:

@table @code
@item Stop
Do not scroll. Display the @samp{No more nodes within this document}
message. This is the default.

@item Top
Go to the top node of the document.
@end table

This variable is in effect only if @code{scroll-behavior} is set to
@code{Continuous}.

@item scroll-step
The number of lines to scroll to bring the cursor back into the window.
The default value of this variable is 1, which causes a kind of ``smooth
scrolling'' which some people prefer.  Scrolling happens automatically
if the cursor has moved out of the visible portion of the node text.

If the variable @code{scroll-step} is 0, the cursor (and the
text it is attached to) is placed in the centre of the window.

@item search-skip-screen
Set the starting point of repeated searches (@pxref{repeated-search}).
When set to @code{Off} (the default), repeated searches start at the
position immediately following (when searching in forward direction),
or immediately preceding (when searching backwards) the cursor.  When
set to @code{On}, repeated searches omit lines visibly displayed on
the screen.  In other words, forward searches (@kbd{@}}) start at the
beginning of the next page, and backward searches (@kbd{@{}) start at
the end of the previous page.

@item show-index-match
When set to @code{On} (the default), the portion of the matched search
string that you typed is indicated (by displaying it in the
``opposite'' case) in the result message (@pxref{Searching Commands,,
@code{next-index-match}}).

@item visible-bell
When set to @code{On}, Info attempts to flash the screen instead of
ringing the bell.  This variable is @code{Off} by default.  If the
terminal does not allow flashing, this variable has no effect.  (But
you can still make Info perform quietly by setting the
@code{errors-ring-bell} variable to @code{Off}; or using an external
command to mute the bell, e.g., @code{xset b 0 0 0}.)

@end vtable


@node Colors and Styles
@chapter Colors and Styles

You can choose to highlight parts of Info's display, such as 
cross-references and search matches, using a variety of styles, 
including colors, boldface and underline.  Here are the variables that 
are available to do this:

@vtable @code
@item link-style
Used for cross-references and menu entries.

@item active-link-style
Used for a cross-reference or menu entry when typing @key{RET} would 
have the effect of following said cross-reference or menu entry.

@item match-style
Used for matches from a search command.  (@xref{Searching Commands}.)
@end vtable

Each of these is given in the @file{.infokey} file just as the variables 
in the previous chapter.  Their values are a comma-separated list of 
values in the following table:

@table @code
@item  black
@itemx red
@itemx green
@itemx yellow
@itemx blue
@itemx magenta
@itemx cyan
@itemx white
@cindex Colored foreground
Use the color specified for text.

@item nocolor
@itemx nocolour
Turn off any color that was in effect, using the terminal's default color.

@item  bgblack
@itemx bgred
@itemx bggreen
@itemx bgyellow
@itemx bgblue
@itemx bgmagenta
@itemx bgcyan
@itemx bgwhite
@cindex Colored background
Use the color specified for the background.

@item bgnocolor
@itemx bgnocolour
Use the terminal's default background color.

@item underline
@itemx nounderline
@cindex Underlined text
Turn text underline on or off.

@item standout
@itemx nostandout
Turn `standout mode' on or off.  Standout mode entails the use of appearance
modes that make text stand out, and varies between terminals.

@item bold
@itemx regular
@itemx nobold
@cindex Bold text
Turn boldface on or off.

@item blink
@itemx noblink
@cindex Blinking text
Make the text blink, or not.

@end table

Here is an sample excerpt from an @file{.infokey} file:

@example
#var
link-style=yellow
active-link-style=yellow,bold
match-style=underline,bold,nocolor
@end example

@noindent With this, cross-references are all yellow, and active 
cross-references are additionally displayed in bold.  Any search
matches will be shown in bold, and underlined.  Moreover, if there is a 
search match inside a cross-reference, the @samp{nocolor} rendition 
style will cancel the yellow color, leaving the text in the match the 
terminal's default color.  (Note, however, that the rendition styles for 
active cross-references take priority over those for search matches,
so search matches there will still be displayed in yellow.)


@node Custom Key Bindings
@chapter Customizing Key Bindings and Variables

@cindex default key bindings, overriding
@cindex overriding default key bindings
@cindex customizing key bindings
@cindex key bindings, customizing
@cindex @command{infokey}, program for customizing key bindings
@cindex @file{_info} file (MS-DOS)

Info allows you to override the default key-to-command bindings and
variable settings described in this document.  (The @option{--vi-keys}
option rebinds many keys at once; @pxref{--vi-keys}.)

On startup, GNU Info looks for a configuration file in the invoker's
@env{HOME} directory called @file{.infokey}, i.e.,
@file{~/.infokey}.@footnote{Due to the limitations of DOS filesystems,
the MS-DOS version of Info looks for a file @file{_infokey} instead.  If
the @env{HOME} variable is not defined, Info additionally looks in the
current directory.}  If it is present, then Info adopts the key bindings
and variable settings contained therein.  To use an alternative
configuration file, use the @option{--init-file} option
(@pxref{--init-file}).

Variables may also be set on the command line with the
@option{--variable} option (@pxref{variable-assignment}).  Variable
settings on the command line override settings from the @file{.infokey}
file.

@menu
* @t{infokey} format::
@end menu

@node @t{infokey} format
@section @command{infokey} format

@cindex @command{infokey} format
@cindex @file{.infokey} format
@cindex format of @file{.infokey}

Here is an example @file{.infokey} file which specifies the key
bindings that are activated by the @option{--vi-keys} option to Info 
(@pxref{--vi-keys}).

@example
#info
g       first-node
G       last-node
\mb     beginning-of-node
\me     end-of-node
j       next-line
k       prev-line

f       scroll-forward-page-only
^f      scroll-forward-page-only
\m\     scroll-forward-page-only
z       scroll-forward-page-only-set-window

b       scroll-backward-page-only
^b      scroll-backward-page-only
w       scroll-backward-page-only-set-window

\kd     down-line
^e      down-line
^j      down-line
^m      down-line
\ku     up-line
^y      up-line
^k      up-line

d       scroll-half-screen-down
^d      scroll-half-screen-down
u       scroll-half-screen-up
^u      scroll-half-screen-up

^xn     next-node
^xp     prev-node
^xu     up-node
'       last-node
\mt     top-node
\md     dir-node

^xg     goto-node
I       goto-invocation-node

n       search-next
N       search-previous

\mf     xref-item
^xr     xref-item

\mg     select-reference-this-line
^x^j    select-reference-this-line
^x^m    select-reference-this-line

^c      abort-key

\mh     get-info-help-node

:q      quit
ZZ      quit

#echo-area
\mh     echo-area-backward
\ml     echo-area-forward
\m0     echo-area-beg-of-line
\m$     echo-area-end-of-line
\mw     echo-area-forward-word
\mx     echo-area-delete
\mu     echo-area-abort
^v      echo-area-quoted-insert
\mX     echo-area-kill-word
@end example

The file consists of one or more @dfn{sections}.  Each section starts with
a line that identifies the type of section.  The possible sections are:

@table @code
@item #info
Key bindings for Info windows.
The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just
@code{#info} by itself.  If this is the first section in the source
file, the @code{#info} line can be omitted.  The rest of this section
consists of lines of the form:

@example
@var{string} whitespace @var{action} [ whitespace [ # comment ] ] newline
@end example

Whitespace is any sequence of one or more spaces and/or tabs.  Comment
is any sequence of any characters, excluding newline.  @var{string} is
the key sequence which invokes the action.  @var{action} is the name of
an Info command.  The characters in @var{string} are interpreted
literally or prefixed by a caret (@code{^}) to indicate a control
character.  A backslash followed by certain characters specifies input
keystrokes as follows:

@table @code
@item \b
Backspace
@item \e
Escape (ESC)
@item \n
Newline
@item \r
Return
@item \t
Tab
@item \ku
Up arrow
@item \kd
Down arrow
@item \kl
Left arrow
@item \kr
Right arrow
@item \kU
Page Up
@item \kD
Page Down
@item \kh
HOME
@item \ke
END
@item \kx
Delete (DEL)
@item \m@var{x}
Meta-@var{x} where @var{x} is any character as described above.
@end table

Backslash followed by any other character indicates that character is to
be taken literally.  Characters which must be preceded by a backslash
include caret, space, tab, and backslash itself.

@item #echo-area
Key bindings for the echo area.
The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just
@code{#echo-area} by itself.  The rest of this section has a syntax
identical to that for the key definitions for the Info area, described
above.

@item #var
Variable initializations.  The start of this section is indicated by a
line containing just @code{#var} by itself.  Following this line is a
list of variable assignments, one per line.  Each line consists of a
variable name (@pxref{Variables}) followed by @code{=} followed by a
value.  There may be no white space between the variable name and the
@code{=}, and all characters following the @code{=}, including white
space, are included in the value.
@end table

Blank lines and lines starting with @code{#} are ignored, except for
the special section header lines.

Key bindings defined in the @file{.infokey} file take precedence over GNU
Info's default key bindings, whether or not @samp{--vi-keys} is used.  A
default key binding may be disabled by overriding it in the @file{.infokey}
file with the action @code{invalid}.  In addition, @emph{all} default
key bindings can be disabled by adding this line @emph{anywhere} in the
relevant section:

@example
#stop
@end example

This will cause GNU Info to ignore all the default key commands for that
section.

Beware: @code{#stop} can be dangerous.  Since it disables all default
key bindings, you must supply enough new key bindings to enable all
necessary actions.  Failure to bind any key to the @code{quit} command,
for example, can lead to frustration.

Note that some keys (such as @key{C-c}) have special meanings
to terminals, and any bindings for these would not be effective.
@xref{Special Characters,,, coreutils, GNU Coreutils}.

The order in which key bindings are defined in the @file{.infokey} file is
not important, except that the command summary produced by the
@code{get-help-window} command only displays the @emph{first} key that
is bound to each command.


@node Index
@appendix Index

@printindex cp

@bye
