]> Individual

USA ludwig@clemm.org

Futurewei Technologies USA

USA tte@cs.fau.de

IRTF NMRG Internet-Draft This document specifies how the rise of agentic AI and LLMs can impact and and accelerate the transition towards Intent-Based Networking.
Specifically, it revisits functionality and liefecycle in IBN, as defined in , and outlines how agentic AI and LLMs can be leveraged.

Introduction: Why revisit IBN in the face of LLMs and agentic AI Intent-Based Networking (IBN) involves the concept of allowing networks to be managed using "intent", that is, by allowing network operators to specify in a declarative manner sets of operational goals (that a network should meet) and outcomes (that a network is supposed to deliver) without needing to specify how to actually achieve or implement them . Determining the specific actions that would need to be taken would be up to the IBN itself, whether those actions involve determining configuration parameters and applying them, performing optimizations, monitoring the network and assessing whether additional actions need to be taken, and more. Intent and IBN in many ways complete the vision articulated as part of autonomic networking that involve achieving self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing, and self-protection while minimizing dependencies on human administrators who are taken out of the control loop. However, even autonomic networks are not clairvoyant but need to be given guidance by administrators. That guidance is characterized as intent . Since Autonomic Networking and IBN were defined, many commercial offerings for intent-based systems have appeared. In many cases, "intent" by those systems has been less abstract in nature but instead involves structured APIs that are used to manage services and connectivity in a network instead of individual network elements on a per-device basis. While useful, there is still a gap between the abstractions provided by those APIs and their underlying system on one hand and the vision of an intent as defined in on the other hand. For example, operators are still very much responsible to determine strategies to achieve broad outcomes. The recent explosive rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) and agentic AI (roughly understood as systems with LLMs at their core, extended with additional capabilities that allow them to access additional tools, to decompose tasks, to integrate with other applications) holds the promise to potentially change that as it opens up possibilities for the implementation of capabilities in technical systems that until recently did not exist. For example, agentic AI allows for the implementation of chat interfaces that allow users to state their intent in their own words, without requiring them to be proficient in any particular APIs or command interfaces. Importantly, agentic AI may allow to clarify ambiguities, can ask for additional information and details, point out constraints, discuss alternatives, thus providing means for ingesting intent that systems up to this point did not have. Likewise, agentic control loops hold the promise to potentially allow IBNs to intelligently monitor the network to assess outcomes as well as the effectiveness of actions that are taken. Coupled with learning capabilities, IBNs can become even more effective over time and result in continued network optimization and improvement. While some of this promise yet remains to be proven, the potential for it is there and appears to be only a matter of time. The concept of IBN remains very much valid and appears more relevant than ever for the future of networking in light of the new possibilities that can help make it a reality. Given this, it seems reasonable to revisit IBNs, specifically, their functional components as well as the lifecycle reference architecture, and articulate the ways in which agentic AI and LLMs can facilitate and accelerate IBN development and adoption.

Definitions and Terminology

IBN Lifecycle Reference Model revisited IBN is subject to several loops, as depicted in the IBN Lifecycle Reference model ().

IBN lifecycle and reference architecture per RFC 9315 |translate/|-->| learn/ |-->| configure/| |generate | | | | plan/ | | provision | |intent |<--- | refine | | render | : | | +----^-----+ : +----------+ +-----^-----+ : +-----------+ | : | : | .............|................................|................|..... | : +----+---+ : v | : |validate| : +----------+ | : +----^---+ <----| monitor/ | Assure +---+---+ : +---------+ +-----+---+ : | observe/ | |report | <---- |abstract |<---| analyze | <----| | +-------+ : +---------+ |aggregate| : +----------+ : +---------+ : ]]>

The first of these loops occurs between the functions to ingest (recognize, generate) intent, and translate it into specific commands and operations that will be actionable by the underlying network. Agentic AI systems implement similar loops in other areas, for example in program development and coding. Application of Agentic AI to IBN in this area appears thus straightforward and it is expected that corresponding Agentic AI agents cand implement both of these functions. The second loop concerns the "inner" intent control loop between IBS and Network Operations space: learn/plan/render -> configure/provision -> monitor/observe -> analyze/aggregate -> validate -> learn/plan/render (here the loop closes). Agentic AI has inherent translation capabilities that can play an important role in simplifying the implementation of configuration and provisioning systems by determining how to map required actions to device interfaces, ensuring the right commands and APIs are invoked. The same translation capabilities help smoothen over impedance mismatches in the data models exposed by underlying systems. This simplifies many past issues associated with dealing with interface heterogeneity and associated sustaining operations. Agentic AI can also help determine what type of monitoring and measurements will be required to observe the effectiveness of actions taken and assess compliance with intent, and configuration and provisioning functions can be augmented with corresponding capabilities to set up those observations as well. Agentic AI may have less of a role to play in analyzing raw monitoring data as the data velocity in this space is very high. This concerns IPFIX records, IOAM telemetry data, syslog notifications, YANG-Push management data streams. For a network, the volume of these easily reaches into the thousands if not millions of data items per second, outpacing LLM token processing capabilities for the foreseeable future unless other measures are taken to reduce the amount of data by several orders of magnitude. Anomaly detection and trend analysis are areas in which AI-based systems play an important role, but not areas in which Agentic AI based on LLMs are expected to make a considerable impact. However, this can change once raw data is aggregated, filtered, and preprocessed. This preprocessed data can very well serve as input to Agentic AI systems as part of the validation and learning/planning portions of the inner control loop and we expect corresponding solution architectures to emerge. The third loop concerns the "outer" intent control loop that involves abstraction and reporting to keep users informed (and, in a bigger sense, "in the loop" to understand what and how their network is in fact doing). There are many applications of Agentic AI systems to provide decision support, generate smart reports, and highlight relevant information. IBN should not be expected to be any different and Agentic AI is thus a clear candidate to implement the abstraction and assurance functions in the IBN lifecyle.

IBN Functionality revisited The following sections revisit the corresponding sections in where IBN functionality is described. For a more detailed discussion of what precisely the functionality entails, please refer to that document. In the following, we look specifically at the ramifications brought about by LLMs and agentic AI for each of those functions.

Intent Fulfillment

Intent Ingestion and Interaction with Users The first set of functions is concerned with having users convey intent to the network respectively to the Intent-Based System (IBS) that communicates on the network's behalf. Using agentic AI underpinned by LLMs can allow for conversational interaction between the user and the IBS. Not only can the user convey intent using plain language, but ambiguities can be resolved, additional context requested, missing information identified, priorities established, tradeoffs presented, all with minimal learning curve on the side of the user. To be effective, the AI agent needs to have access to data about the network, including but not limited to inventory and topology information.

Intent Translation Intent translation very closely interacts with intent ingestion; in an agentic AI environment both functions may very well be integrated, not separated. Agentic AI will be able to translate ingested intent into APIs and structured commands, many of which may be device-dependent. In the past, heterogeneity of device interfaces, command interfaces, exposed data models were a major contributing factor to the complexity it took to develop operations support systems. One major value that Agentic AI and LLM technology can provide involves abstracting this heterogeneity and facilitate the application of unified "intent" regardless of the particularities of individual device interfaces, determining what specific APIs to call and what structured commands to apply depending on the specific network device.

Intent Orchestration To the extent that agentic AI can help with planning courses of actions, orchestration of rolling out intent across a network is another function that can benefit from agentic AI, which can offer exceptional planning abilities. One big concern with any orchestration system involves dealing with rainy-day scenarios, for example failures in the ability to apply a particular configuration to a particular device. Orchestration systems need to be able to anticipate, detect, and mitigate such possibilities, including but not limited to rolling the overall network back (or forward) into a defined state, as well as containing any potential negative impact. It will be imperative for any AI agent involved in intent orchestration to have corresponding capabilities, even more critically so as to not require to be exposed to device intrinsics that the IBN is supposed to abstract away from.

Intent Assurance

Monitoring Monitoring, in the context of intent assurance, involves observing the network, conducting measurements, and collecting telemetry data, in order to provide visibility into the network that is required to ensure that intent is actually complied with and to assess the degree to which desired outcomes are achieved. Some aspects of monitoring are resource-intensive operations that need to be used sparingly. Examples include configuration of measurement probes and generating test traffic (consuming CPU and bandwidth), collecting telemetry data (incurring overhead on production traffic), or continuous streaming of statistics about flows, interfaces, and device state (at a minimum, involving sampling strategies to keep overhead to an acceptable level). Agentic AI can help optimize monitoring strategies by having observations directed at those areas where they matter the most, such as providing answers as to where measurement probes need to be directed at any one point or which aspects are most critical to observe closely and adjust where to probe and what to sample accordingly. Similarly, it can collect additional information or run tests that will be helpful to validate hypotheses about what fine tuning and adjustements maybe needed and facilitate corresponding decisions to do so.

Intent Compliance Assessment

Abstraction, Aggregation, Reporting Agentic AI is a natural fit to many of the functions that involve abstracting and summarizing data and statistics reported from the network to human users. Coupled with the ability to relate the observations with context and provide analysis to make actionable recommendations, agentic AI can be expected to result in very powerful systems in that area going forward. Previously, the interpretation of data required operator expert knowledge and programming decision support systems to analyze results was a formidable task which will be significantly simplified.

Related Work Given the rapid rise of Agentic AI, it is not surprising to see a new body of work rapidly emerging that attempt to leverage Agentic AI in networking and network management. While to our knowledge this draft is the only one that specifically relates Agentic AI to IBN, there are a few other drafts worthwhile mentioning:

• explores augmenting protocol stacks with agentic technology. In addition to looking at how different networking layers might related to AI-agentic technology, it proposes an architecture to network agentic AI systems in an interoperable manner. The document is not concerned with aspects of Intent-Based Networking.
• concerns itself with using Agentic AI systems to assist humans in the management control loop. It proposes an LLM-centered network management system architecture that is layered above more conventional non-agentic management systems, which in turn is used to manage concentional (i.e., non-intent based) networks.
• contains a call for bringing agentic AI to networking. It does describe some opportunities and challenges to apply agentic AI to network management problems that constitute common ground also for Intent-Based Networking. However, it does not discuss how these aspects would be applied to IBN nor relate them to any of the concepts specified in .
• describes the application of agentic AI to autonomous networking as per IETF's ANIMA working group. serves as a foundational draft there, in which intent is already defined as natural complement to autonomous networking. Accordingly our document here is a complement to that other draft and applies Agentic AI to IBN in a broader sense, not just autonomous networks as defined per the ANIMA suite of RFCs.

Acknowledgements TBD

Security Considerations TBD

Informative References Autonomic systems were first described in 2001. The fundamental goal is self-management, including self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing, and self-protection. This is achieved by an autonomic function having minimal dependencies on human administrators or centralized management systems. It usually implies distribution across network elements. This document defines common language and outlines design goals (and what are not design goals) for autonomic functions. A high-level reference model illustrates how functional elements in an Autonomic Network interact. This document is a product of the IRTF's Network Management Research Group. Intent and Intent-Based Networking are taking the industry by storm. At the same time, terms related to Intent-Based Networking are often used loosely and inconsistently, in many cases overlapping and confused with other concepts such as "policy." This document clarifies the concept of "intent" and provides an overview of the functionality that is associated with it. The goal is to contribute towards a common and shared understanding of terms, concepts, and functionality that can be used as the foundation to guide further definition of associated research and engineering problems and their solutions. This document is a product of the IRTF Network Management Research Group (NMRG). It reflects the consensus of the research group, having received many detailed and positive reviews by research group participants. It is published for informational purposes. InterDigital Europe Ltd InterDigital Europe Ltd Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Agentic AI systems combine planning, reasoning, tool invocation, and feedback loops to pursue system-defined goals with a controlled degree of autonomy. In networking, this enables an evolution from statically configured automation toward goal-driven closed-loop operations spanning multiple protocol layers and administrative domains. This document introduces architectural principles for "agentic augmentation" of the existing layered protocol stack as represented by the Internet protocol suite (IP suite). The key concept of the proposed principles is that deterministic protocol layering remains intact for interoperability, while AI Agents are introduced as first- class entities at each IP suite layer and are coordinated by one or more agent controllers via agentic methods and procedures. The purpose of this document is to initiate discussion within the research community on agentic networking. It identifies architectural research challenges that should be discussed to enable the addition of one or more AI Agents at one or more IP suite layers with the goal to allow AI Agents to improve the behaviour of a layer through reasoning with AI Agents at the same or other IP suite layers. Tsinghua University Zhongguancun Laboratory Zhongguancun Laboratory This document describes a reference framework for collaborative network management between Large Language Model (LLM)-assisted agents and human operators. Because network management actions can affect service availability, security posture, customer traffic, and compliance obligations, LLM-generated recommendations need to be validated, reviewed, and audited before they are applied to operational networks. The framework therefore focuses on human-in- the-loop control for safe, auditable, and operator-supervised use of LLM-assisted decision support in network operations. The document is intended to be compatible with existing network management systems and protocols while identifying research issues, rather than specifying a complete implementation of all LLM agent mechanisms. Daejeon University DONG-EUI University Huawei Everything OPS This document outlines the key objectives of introducing Agentic AI to the field of network management and highlights the fundamental issues with existing technologies that must be addressed to achieve these goals. It emphasizes the necessity for relevant groups within the IETF/IRTF and presents the core technological areas requiring standardization. The aim of Agentic AI is to facilitate a paradigm shift in which multiple autonomous AI agents collaborate to fully automate network operation, management and security. Futurewei Technologies USA Sympotech This document builds on the architectural foundation of the IETF ANIMA "Autonomous Network Infrastructure" to propose an architecture for in-network intelligence in support of network automation. The key aspect of this architecture is the use of AI programmed and validated software running decentralized on the network.

Changelog

• draft-cxxx-nmrg-ai4ibn-00: Initial version