# WMS -- Web Map Services

Accessing several different types of web image services is possible using the WMS format in GDAL. Services are accessed by creating a local service description XML file -- there are examples below for each of the supported image services. It is important that there be no spaces or other content before the `<GDAL_WMS>` element.

<GDAL_WMS> |
<Service name="WMS"> | Define what mini-driver to use, currently supported are: WMS, WorldWind, TileService, TMS, TiledWMS, VirtualEarth or AGS. (required)
<Version>1.1.1</Version> | WMS version. (optional, defaults to 1.1.1)
<ServerUrl>http://onearth.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?</ServerUrl> | WMS server URL. (required)
<SRS>EPSG:4326</SRS> | Image projection (optional, defaults to EPSG:4326 in WMS and 102100 in AGS, WMS version 1.1.1 or below only and ArcGIS Server). For ArcGIS Server the spatial reference can be specified as either a well-known ID or as a spatial reference json object
<CRS>CRS:83</CRS> | Image projection (optional, defaults to EPSG:4326, WMS version 1.3.0 or above only)
<ImageFormat>image/jpeg</ImageFormat> | Format in which to request data. Paletted formats like image/gif will be converted to RGB. (optional, defaults to image/jpeg)
<Transparent>FALSE</Transparent> | Set to TRUE to include "transparent=TRUE" in the WMS GetMap request (optional defaults to FALSE). The request format and BandsCount need to support alpha.
<Layers>modis%2Cglobal_mosaic</Layers> | A URL encoded, comma separated string of layers (required, except for TiledWMS)
<TiledGroupName>Clementine</TiledGroupName> | Comma separated list of layers. (required for TiledWMS)
<Styles></Styles> | Comma separated list of styles. (optional)
<BBoxOrder>xyXY</BBoxOrder> | Reorder bbox coordinates arbitrarily. May be required for version 1.3 servers. (optional) x - low X coordinate, y - low Y coordinate, X - high X coordinate, Y - high Y coordinate
</Service> |
<DataWindow> | Define size and extents of the data. (required, except for TiledWMS and VirtualEarth)
<UpperLeftX>-180.0</UpperLeftX> | X (longitude) coordinate of upper-left corner. (optional, defaults to -180.0, except for VirtualEarth)
<UpperLeftY>90.0</UpperLeftY> | Y (latitude) coordinate of upper-left corner. (optional, defaults to 90.0, except for VirtualEarth)
<LowerRightX>180.0</LowerRightX> | X (longitude) coordinate of lower-right corner. (optional, defaults to 180.0, except for VirtualEarth)
<LowerRightY>-90.0</LowerRightY> | Y (latitude) coordinate of lower-right corner. (optional, defaults to -90.0, except for VirtualEarth)
<SizeX>2666666</SizeX> | Image size in pixels.
<SizeY>1333333</SizeY> | Image size in pixels.
<TileX>0</TileX> | Added to tile X value at highest resolution. (ignored for WMS, tiled image sources only, optional, defaults to 0)
<TileY>0</TileY> | Added to tile Y value at highest resolution. (ignored for WMS, tiled image sources only, optional, defaults to 0)
<TileLevel>0</TileLevel> | Tile level at highest resolution. (tiled image sources only, optional, defaults to 0)
<TileCountX>0</TileCountX> | Can be used to define image size, SizeX = TileCountX * BlockSizeX * 2TileLevel. (tiled image sources only, optional, defaults to 0)
<TileCountY>0</TileCountY> | Can be used to define image size, SizeY = TileCountY * BlockSizeY * 2TileLevel. (tiled image sources only, optional, defaults to 0)
<YOrigin>top</YOrigin> | Can be used to define the position of the Y origin with respect to the tile grid. Possible values are 'top', 'bottom', and 'default', where the default behavior is mini-driver-specific. (TMS mini-driver only, optional, defaults to 'bottom' for TMS)
</DataWindow> |
<Projection>EPSG:4326</Projection> | Image projection (optional, defaults to value reported by mini-driver or EPSG:4326)
<IdentificationTolerance>2</IdentificationTolerance> | Identification tolerance (optional, defaults to 2)
<BandsCount>3</BandsCount> | Number of bands/channels, 1 for grayscale data, 3 for RGB, 4 for RGBA. (optional, defaults to 3)
<DataType>Byte</DataType> | Band data type, amont Byte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Float32, Float64, etc.. (optional, defaults to Byte)
<DataValues NoData="0 0 0" min="1 1 1" max="255 255 255" /> | Define NoData and/or minimum and/or maximum value for bands. nodata_values, min_values, max_values can be one single value, or a value per band, with a space separator between value
<BlockSizeX>1024</BlockSizeX> | Block size in pixels. (optional, defaults to 1024, except for VirtualEarth)
<BlockSizeY>1024</BlockSizeY> | Block size in pixels. (optional, defaults to 1024, except for VirtualEarth)
<OverviewCount>10</OverviewCount> | Count of reduced resolution layers each having 2 times lower resolution. (optional, default is calculated at runtime)
<Cache> | Enable local disk cache. Allows for offline operation. (optional, defaults to no cache)
<Path>./gdalwmscache</Path> | Location where to store cache files. It is safe to use same cache path for different data sources. (optional, defaults to ./gdalwmscache if GDAL_DEFAULT_WMS_CACHE_PATH configuration option is not specified)
<Depth>2</Depth> | Number of directory layers. 2 will result in files being written as cache_path/A/B/ABCDEF... (optional, defaults to 2)
<Extension>.jpg</Extension> | Append to cache files. (optional, defaults to none)
<Type>file</Type> | Cache type. Now supported only 'file' type. In 'file' cache type files are stored in file system folders.
<Expires>604800</Expires> | Time in seconds cached files will stay valid. If cached file expires it is deleted when maximum size of cache is reached. Also expired file can be overwritten by the new one from web. Default value is 7 days (604800s).
<MaxSize>67108864</MaxSize> | The cache maximum size in bytes. If cache reached maximum size, expired cached files will be deleted. Default value is 64 Mb (67108864 bytes).
<Unique>True</Unique> | If set to true the path will appended with md5 hash of ServerURL. Default value is true.
</Cache> |
<MaxConnections>2</MaxConnections> | Maximum number of simultaneous connections. (optional, defaults to 2)
<Timeout>300</Timeout> | Connection timeout in seconds. (optional, defaults to 300)
<OfflineMode>true</OfflineMode> | Do not download any new images, use only what is in cache. Useful only with cache enabled. (optional, defaults to false)
<AdviseRead>true</AdviseRead> | Enable AdviseRead API call - download images into cache. (optional, defaults to false)
<VerifyAdviseRead>true</VerifyAdviseRead> | Open each downloaded image and do some basic checks before writing into cache. Disabling can save some CPU cycles if server is trusted to always return correct images. (optional, defaults to true)
<ClampRequests>false</ClampRequests> | Should requests, that otherwise would be partially outside of defined data window, be clipped resulting in smaller than block size request. (optional, defaults to true)
<UserAgent>GDAL WMS driver (http://www.gdal.org/frmt_wms.html)</UserAgent> | HTTP User-agent string. Some servers might require a well-known user-agent such as "Mozilla/5.0" (optional, defaults to "GDAL WMS driver (http://www.gdal.org/frmt_wms.html)"). Added in GDAL 1.8.0
<UserPwd>user:password</UserPwd> | User and Password for HTTP authentication (optional). Added in GDAL 1.10.0
<UnsafeSSL>true</UnsafeSSL> | Skip SSL certificate verification. May be needed if server is using a self signed certificate (optional, defaults to false). Added in GDAL 1.8.0.
<Referer>http://example.foo/</Referer> | HTTP Referer string. Some servers might require it (optional). Added in GDAL 1.9.0
<ZeroBlockHttpCodes>204,404</ZeroBlockHttpCodes> | Comma separated list of HTTP response codes that will be interpreted as a 0 filled image (i.e. black for 3 bands, and transparent for 4 bands) instead of aborting the request. Added in GDAL 1.9.0. (optional, defaults to 204)
<ZeroBlockOnServerException>true</ZeroBlockOnServerException> | Whether to treat a Service Exception returned by the server as a 0 filled image instead of aborting the request. Added in 1.9.0. (optional, defaults to false)
</GDAL_WMS> |

## Minidrivers

The GDAL WMS driver has support for several internal 'minidrivers', which allow access to different web mapping services. Each of these services may support a different set of options in the Service block.

### WMS

Communications with an OGC WMS server. Has support for both tiled and untiled requests.

Starting with GDAL >= 1.10, WMS layers can be queried (through a GetFeatureInfo request) with the gdallocationinfo utility, or with a GetMetadataItem("Pixel_iCol_iLine", "LocationInfo") call on a band object.

    gdallocationinfo "WMS:http://demo.opengeo.org/geoserver/gwc/service/wms?SERVICE=WMS&VERSION=1.1.1&
                                REQUEST=GetMap&LAYERS=og%3Abugsites&SRS=EPSG:900913&
                                BBOX=-1.15841845090625E7,5479006.186718751,-1.1505912992109375E7,5557277.703671876&
                                FORMAT=image/png&TILESIZE=256&OVERVIEWCOUNT=25&MINRESOLUTION=0.0046653459640220&TILED=true"
                               -geoloc -11547071.455 5528616 -xml -b 1

Output:

    Report pixel="248595" line="191985">
      <BandReport band="1">
        <LocationInfo>
          <wfs:FeatureCollection xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/wfs"
                                    xmlns:wfs="http://www.opengis.net/wfs"
                                    xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
                                    xmlns:og="http://opengeo.org"
                                    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                                    xsi:schemaLocation="http://opengeo.org http://demo.opengeo.org/geoserver/wfs?service=WFS&version=1.0.0&request=DescribeFeatureType&typeName=og%3Abugsites http://www.opengis.net/wfs http://demo.opengeo.org/geoserver/schemas/wfs/1.0.0/WFS-basic.xsd">
            <gml:boundedBy>
              <gml:Box srsName="http://www.opengis.net/gml/srs/epsg.xml#26713">
                <gml:coordinates xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" decimal="." cs="," ts=" ">601228,4917635 601228,4917635</gml:coordinates>
              </gml:Box>
            </gml:boundedBy>
            <gml:featureMember>
              <og:bugsites fid="bugsites.40946">
                <gml:boundedBy>
                  <gml:Box srsName="http://www.opengis.net/gml/srs/epsg.xml#26713">
                    <gml:coordinates xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" decimal="." cs="," ts=" ">601228,4917635 601228,4917635</gml:coordinates>
                  </gml:Box>
                </gml:boundedBy>
                <og:cat>86</og:cat>
                <og:str1>Beetle site</og:str1>
                <og:the_geom>
                  <gml:Point srsName="http://www.opengis.net/gml/srs/epsg.xml#26713">
                    <gml:coordinates xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" decimal="." cs="," ts=" ">601228,4917635</gml:coordinates>
                  </gml:Point>
                </og:the_geom>
              </og:bugsites>
            </gml:featureMember>
          </wfs:FeatureCollection>
        </LocationInfo>
        <Value>255</Value>
      </BandReport>
    </Report>

### TileService

Service to support talking to a WorldWind TileService. Access is always tile based.

### WorldWind

Access to web-based WorldWind tile services. Access is always tile based.

### TMS (GDAL 1.7.0 and later)

The TMS Minidriver is designed primarily to support the users of the TMS Specification. This service supports only access by tiles.

Because TMS is similar to many other 'x/y/z' flavored services on the web, this service can also be used to access these services. To use it in this fashion, you can use replacement variables, of the format ${x}, ${y}, etc.

Supported variables (name is case sensitive) are :

- ${x} -- x position of the tile
- ${y} -- y position of the tile. This can be either from the top or the bottom of the tileset, based on whether the YOrigin parameter is set to true or false.
- ${z} -- z position of the tile -- zoom level
- ${version} -- version parameter, set in the config file. Defaults to 1.0.0.
- ${format} -- format parameter, set in the config file. Defaults to 'jpg'.
- ${layer} -- layer parameter, set in the config file. Defaults to nothing.

A typical ServerURL might look like:
`http://tilecache.osgeo.org/wms-c/Basic.py/${version}/${layer}/${z}/${x}/${y}.${format}`
In order to better suit TMS users, any URL that does not contain "${" will automatically have the string above (after "Basic.py/") appended to their URL.

The TMS Service has 3 XML configuration elements that are different from other services: `Format` which defaults to `jpg`, `Layer` which has no default, and `Version` which defaults to `1.0.0`.

Additionally, the TMS service respects one additional parameter, at the DataWindow level, which is the YOrigin element. This element should be one of `bottom` (the default in TMS) or `top`, which matches OpenStreetMap and many other popular tile services.

Two examples of usage of the TMS service are included in the examples below.

### OnEarth Tiled WMS (GDAL 1.9.0 and later)

The OnEarth Tiled WMS minidriver supports the Tiled WMS specification implemented for the JPL OnEarth driver per the specification at http://onearth.jpl.nasa.gov/tiled.html.

A typical OnEarth Tiled WMS configuration file might look like:

    <GDAL_WMS>
        <Service name="TiledWMS">
    	<ServerUrl>http://onmoon.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?</ServerUrl>
    	<TiledGroupName>Clementine</TiledGroupName>
        </Service>
    </GDAL_WMS>

Most of the other information is automatically fetched from the remote server using the GetTileService method at open time.

### VirtualEarth (GDAL 1.9.0 and later)

Access to web-based Virtual Earth tile services. Access is always tile based.

The ${quadkey} variable must be found in the ServerUrl element.

The DataWindow element might be omitted. The default values are :

- UpperLeftX = -20037508.34
- UpperLeftY = 20037508.34
- LowerRightX = 20037508.34
- LowerRightY = -20037508.34
- TileLevel = 19
- OverviewCount = 18
- SRS = EPSG:900913
- BlockSizeX = 256
- BlockSizeY = 256

### ArcGIS REST API (GDAL 2.0 and later)

Access to ArcGIS REST map service resource (untiled requests).

AGS layers can be queried (through a GetFeatureInfo request) with the gdallocationinfo utility, or with a GetMetadataItem("Pixel_iCol_iLine", "LocationInfo") call on a band object.

    gdallocationinfo -wgs84 "<GDAL_WMS><Service name=\"AGS\"><ServerUrl>http://sampleserver1.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/Specialty/ESRI_StateCityHighway_USA/MapServer</ServerUrl><BBoxOrder>xyXY</BBoxOrder><SRS>3857</SRS></Service><DataWindow><UpperLeftX>-20037508.34</UpperLeftX><UpperLeftY>20037508.34</UpperLeftY><LowerRightX>20037508.34</LowerRightX><LowerRightY>-20037508.34</LowerRightY><SizeX>512</SizeX><SizeY>512</SizeY></DataWindow></GDAL_WMS>" -75.704 39.75

### Internet Imaging Protocol (IIP) (GDAL 2.1 and later)

Access to images served through IIP protocol. The server must support the JTL (Retrieve a tile as a complete JFIF image) extension of the IIP protocol.

If using the XML syntax, the ServerURL must contain the FIF parameter.

Otherwise it is also possible to use "IIP:http://foo.com/FIF=image_name" syntax as connection string, to retrieve from the server information on the full resolution dimension and the number of resolutions.

The XML definition can then be generated with "gdal_translate IIP:http://foo.com/FIF=image_name out.xml -of WMS"

## Examples

- onearth_global_mosaic.xml - Landsat mosaic from a OnEarth WMS server

      gdal_translate -of JPEG -outsize 500 250 onearth_global_mosaic.xml onearth_global_mosaic.jpg

      gdal_translate -of JPEG -projwin -10 55 30 35 -outsize 500 250 onearth_global_mosaic.xml onearth_global_mosaic2.jpg

  Note : this particular server does no longer accept regular WMS queries.

- metacarta_wmsc.xml - It is possible to configure a WMS Service conforming to a WMS-C cache by specifying a number of overviews and specifying the 'block size' as the tile size of the cache. The following example is a sample set up for a 19-level "Global Profile" WMS-C cache.

      gdal_translate -of PNG -outsize 500 250 metacarta_wmsc.xml metacarta_wmsc.png

- tileservice_bmng.xml - TileService, Blue Marble NG (January)

      gdal_translate -of JPEG -outsize 500 250 tileservice_bmng.xml tileservice_bmng.jpg

- tileservice_nysdop2004.xml - TileService, NYSDOP 2004

      gdal_translate -of JPEG -projwin -73.687030 41.262680 -73.686359 41.262345 -outsize 500 250 tileservice_nysdop2004.xml tileservice_nysdop2004.jpg

- OpenStreetMap TMS Service Example: Connect to OpenStreetMap tile service. Note that this file takes advantage of the tile cache; more information about configuring the tile cache settings is available above.
  `gdal_translate -of PNG -outsize 512 512 frmt_wms_openstreetmap_tms.xml openstreetmap.png`

- MetaCarta TMS Layer Example, accessing the default MetaCarta TMS layer.
  `gdal_translate -of PNG -outsize 512 256 frmt_wms_metacarta_tms.xml metacarta.png`

- BlueMarble Amazon S3 Example accessed with the TMS minidriver.

- Google Maps accessed with the TMS minidriver.

- ArcGIS MapServer Tiles accessed with the TMS minidriver.

- OnEarth Tiled WMS Clementine, daily, and srtm examples.

- VirtualEarth Aerial Layer accessed with the VirtualEarth minidriver.

- ArcGIS online sample server layer accessed with the ArcGIS Server REST API minidriver.

- IIP online sample server layer accessed with the IIP minidriver.

## Open syntax

The WMS driver can open :

- a local service description XML file :

      gdalinfo description_file.xml

- the content of a description XML file provided as filename :

      gdalinfo "<GDAL_WMS><Service name=\"TiledWMS\"><ServerUrl>http://onearth.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?</ServerUrl><TiledGroupName>Global SRTM Elevation</TiledGroupName></Service></GDAL_WMS>"

- (GDAL >= 1.9.0) the base URL of a WMS service, prefixed with WMS: :

      gdalinfo "WMS:http://wms.geobase.ca/wms-bin/cubeserv.cgi"

  A list of subdatasets will be returned, resulting from the parsing of the GetCapabilities request on that server.

- (GDAL >= 1.9.0) a pseudo GetMap request, such as the subdataset name returned by the previous syntax :

      gdalinfo "WMS:http://wms.geobase.ca/wms-bin/cubeserv.cgi?SERVICE=WMS&VERSION=1.1.1&REQUEST=GetMap&LAYERS=DNEC_250K%3AELEVATION%2FELEVATION&SRS=EPSG:42304&BBOX=-3000000,-1500000,6000000,4500000"

- (GDAL >= 1.9.0) the base URL of a Tiled WMS service, prefixed with WMS: and with request=GetTileService as GET argument:

      gdalinfo "WMS:http://onearth.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi?request=GetTileService"

  A list of subdatasets will be returned, resulting from the parsing of the GetTileService request on that server.

- (GDAL >= 2.0.0) the URL of a REST definition for a ArcGIS MapServer:

      gdalinfo "http://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer?f=json&pretty=true"

- (GDAL >= 2.1.0) the URL of a IIP image:

      gdalinfo "IIP:http://merovingio.c2rmf.cnrs.fr/fcgi-bin/iipsrv.fcgi?FIF=globe.256x256.tif"

## Generation of WMS service description XML file

The WMS service description XML file can be generated manually, or created as the output of the CreateCopy() operation of the WMS driver, only if the source dataset is itself a WMS dataset. Said otherwise, you can use gdal_translate with as source dataset any of the above syntax mentioned in "Open syntax" and as output an XML file. For example:

    gdal_translate "http://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer?f=json" wms.xml -of WMS

The generated file will come with default values that you may need to edit.

## See Also:

- OGC WMS Standards
- WMS Tiling Client Recommendation (WMS-C)
- WorldWind TileService
- TMS Specification
- OnEarth Tiled WMS specification
- ArcGIS Server REST API