/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  EXR read/write Driver
 * Author:   Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2020, Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "gdal_pam.h"
#include "ogr_spatialref.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <limits>
#include <mutex>

#include "openexr_headers.h"

using namespace OPENEXR_IMF_NAMESPACE;
using namespace IMATH_NAMESPACE;

extern "C" CPL_DLL void GDALRegister_EXR();

static const char *const apszCompressions[] = {
    "NONE", "RLE", "ZIPS", "ZIP", "PIZ", "PXR24", "B44", "B44A", "DWAA", "DWAB",
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALEXRDataset()                               */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALEXRDataset final : public GDALPamDataset
{
    friend class GDALEXRRasterBand;
    friend class GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand;
    friend class GDALEXRRGBARasterBand;

    // Keep stream before others, so that it is destroyed last
    std::unique_ptr<IStream> m_pIStream{};

    std::unique_ptr<TiledInputPart> m_pTiledIP{};
    std::unique_ptr<InputPart> m_pIP{};

    std::unique_ptr<MultiPartInputFile> m_pMPIF{};
    std::unique_ptr<RgbaInputFile> m_pRGBAIF{};

    std::vector<Rgba> m_rgbaBuffer{};
    int m_nRGBABufferLine = -1;
    int m_iPart = 0;
    int m_nDWMinX = 0;
    int m_nDWMinY = 0;
    GDALEXRDataset *m_poParent = nullptr;
    int m_iLevel = 0;
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<GDALEXRDataset>> m_apoOvrDS{};
    OGRSpatialReference m_oSRS{};
    double m_adfGT[6] = {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1};
    bool m_bHasGT = false;

  public:
    GDALEXRDataset() = default;
    ~GDALEXRDataset();

    const OGRSpatialReference *GetSpatialRef() const override;
    CPLErr GetGeoTransform(double *adfGT) override;

    static int Identify(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo);
    static GDALDataset *Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo);
    static GDALDataset *Create(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                               int nBandsIn, GDALDataType eType,
                               char **papszOptions);
    static GDALDataset *CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                   GDALDataset *poSrcDS, int bStrict,
                                   char **papszOptions,
                                   GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                   void *pProgressData);
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALEXRRasterBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALEXRRasterBand final : public GDALPamRasterBand
{
    friend class GDALEXRDataset;

    GDALColorInterp m_eInterp = GCI_Undefined;
    std::string m_osChannelName;

  protected:
    CPLErr IReadBlock(int, int, void *) override;

  public:
    GDALEXRRasterBand(GDALEXRDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn,
                      const std::string &channelName, PixelType pixelType,
                      int nBlockXSizeIn, int nBlockYSizeIn);

    GDALColorInterp GetColorInterpretation() override
    {
        return m_eInterp;
    }
    int GetOverviewCount() override;
    GDALRasterBand *GetOverview(int) override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALEXRRasterBand()                          */
/************************************************************************/

GDALEXRRasterBand::GDALEXRRasterBand(GDALEXRDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn,
                                     const std::string &channelName,
                                     PixelType pixelType, int nBlockXSizeIn,
                                     int nBlockYSizeIn)
    : m_osChannelName(channelName)
{
    poDS = poDSIn;
    nBand = nBandIn;
    nRasterXSize = poDSIn->GetRasterXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poDSIn->GetRasterYSize();
    nBlockXSize = nBlockXSizeIn;
    nBlockYSize = nBlockYSizeIn;
    eDataType = (pixelType == UINT) ? GDT_UInt32 : GDT_Float32;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          IReadBlock()                                */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRRasterBand::IReadBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                                     void *pImage)
{
    auto poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRDataset *>(poDS);
    try
    {
        FrameBuffer fb;
        const size_t sizeOfElt = sizeof(float);  // sizeof(uint32) as well
        const auto slice =
            Slice(eDataType == GDT_Float32 ? FLOAT : UINT,
                  static_cast<char *>(pImage) -
                      (poGDS->m_nDWMinX + nBlockXOff * nBlockXSize +
                       static_cast<size_t>(poGDS->m_nDWMinY +
                                           nBlockYOff * nBlockYSize) *
                           nBlockXSize) *
                          sizeOfElt,
                  sizeOfElt, sizeOfElt * nBlockXSize);
        fb.insert(m_osChannelName, slice);

        if (poGDS->m_pIP)
        {
            poGDS->m_pIP->setFrameBuffer(fb);
            poGDS->m_pIP->readPixels(poGDS->m_nDWMinY + nBlockYOff);
        }
        else
        {
            auto tiledIP = poGDS->m_poParent
                               ? poGDS->m_poParent->m_pTiledIP.get()
                               : poGDS->m_pTiledIP.get();
            CPLAssert(tiledIP);
            tiledIP->setFrameBuffer(fb);
            tiledIP->readTile(nBlockXOff, nBlockYOff, poGDS->m_iLevel);
        }
        return CE_None;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        if (strstr(e.what(), "is missing"))
        {
            CPLDebug("EXR", "%s", e.what());
            memset(pImage, 0,
                   static_cast<size_t>(nBlockXSize) * nBlockYSize *
                       GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType));
            return CE_None;
        }
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "OpenEXR: %s", e.what());
    }

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetOverviewCount()                          */
/************************************************************************/

int GDALEXRRasterBand::GetOverviewCount()
{
    auto poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRDataset *>(poDS);
    return static_cast<int>(poGDS->m_apoOvrDS.size());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetOverview()                             */
/************************************************************************/

GDALRasterBand *GDALEXRRasterBand::GetOverview(int iOvr)
{
    if (iOvr < 0 || iOvr >= GetOverviewCount())
        return nullptr;
    auto poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRDataset *>(poDS);
    return poGDS->m_apoOvrDS[iOvr]->GetRasterBand(nBand);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand                        */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand final : public GDALPamRasterBand
{
    friend class GDALEXRDataset;

  protected:
    CPLErr IReadBlock(int, int, void *) override;
    GDALColorInterp GetColorInterpretation() override
    {
        return static_cast<GDALColorInterp>(GCI_RedBand + nBand - 1);
    }

  public:
    GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand(GDALEXRDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn);
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand()                      */
/************************************************************************/

GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand::GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand(GDALEXRDataset *poDSIn,
                                                   int nBandIn)
{
    poDS = poDSIn;
    nBand = nBandIn;
    nRasterXSize = poDSIn->GetRasterXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poDSIn->GetRasterYSize();
    nBlockXSize = nRasterXSize;
    nBlockYSize = 1;
    eDataType = GDT_Byte;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          IReadBlock()                                */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand::IReadBlock(int, int nBlockYOff, void *pImage)
{
    auto poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRDataset *>(poDS);
    try
    {
        const auto &header = poGDS->m_pMPIF->header(poGDS->m_iPart);
        const auto &preview = header.previewImage();
        GDALCopyWords(reinterpret_cast<const GByte *>(
                          preview.pixels() + nBlockYOff * nRasterXSize) +
                          nBand - 1,
                      GDT_Byte, 4, pImage, GDT_Byte, 1, nRasterXSize);
        return CE_None;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "OpenEXR: %s", e.what());
    }

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALEXRRGBARasterBand                        */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALEXRRGBARasterBand final : public GDALPamRasterBand
{
    friend class GDALEXRDataset;

  protected:
    CPLErr IReadBlock(int, int, void *) override;
    GDALColorInterp GetColorInterpretation() override
    {
        return static_cast<GDALColorInterp>(GCI_RedBand + nBand - 1);
    }

  public:
    GDALEXRRGBARasterBand(GDALEXRDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn);
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALEXRRGBARasterBand()                      */
/************************************************************************/

GDALEXRRGBARasterBand::GDALEXRRGBARasterBand(GDALEXRDataset *poDSIn,
                                             int nBandIn)
{
    poDS = poDSIn;
    nBand = nBandIn;
    nRasterXSize = poDSIn->GetRasterXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poDSIn->GetRasterYSize();
    nBlockXSize = nRasterXSize;
    nBlockYSize = 1;
    eDataType = GDT_Float32;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          IReadBlock()                                */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRRGBARasterBand::IReadBlock(int, int nBlockYOff, void *pImage)
{
    auto poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRDataset *>(poDS);
    try
    {
        if (nBlockYOff != poGDS->m_nRGBABufferLine)
        {
            poGDS->m_rgbaBuffer.resize(nRasterXSize);
            poGDS->m_pRGBAIF->setFrameBuffer(
                poGDS->m_rgbaBuffer.data() -
                    ((poGDS->m_nDWMinY + nBlockYOff) *
                         static_cast<size_t>(nRasterXSize) +
                     poGDS->m_nDWMinX),
                1, nRasterXSize);
            poGDS->m_pRGBAIF->readPixels(poGDS->m_nDWMinY + nBlockYOff);
        }
        if (nBand == 1)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nRasterXSize; i++)
            {
                static_cast<float *>(pImage)[i] = poGDS->m_rgbaBuffer[i].r;
            }
        }
        else if (nBand == 2)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nRasterXSize; i++)
            {
                static_cast<float *>(pImage)[i] = poGDS->m_rgbaBuffer[i].g;
            }
        }
        else if (nBand == 3)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nRasterXSize; i++)
            {
                static_cast<float *>(pImage)[i] = poGDS->m_rgbaBuffer[i].b;
            }
        }
#ifdef unused
        else
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nRasterXSize; i++)
            {
                static_cast<float *>(pImage)[i] = poGDS->m_rgbaBuffer[i].a;
            }
        }
#endif
        poGDS->m_nRGBABufferLine = nBlockYOff;
        return CE_None;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        if (strstr(e.what(), "is missing"))
        {
            CPLDebug("EXR", "%s", e.what());
            memset(pImage, 0,
                   static_cast<size_t>(nBlockXSize) * nBlockYSize *
                       GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType));
            return CE_None;
        }
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "OpenEXR: %s", e.what());
    }

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ~GDALEXRDataset()                            */
/************************************************************************/

GDALEXRDataset::~GDALEXRDataset() = default;

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetSpatialRef()                             */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference *GDALEXRDataset::GetSpatialRef() const
{
    const auto *poPamSRS = GDALPamDataset::GetSpatialRef();
    if (poPamSRS)
        return poPamSRS;
    return m_oSRS.IsEmpty() ? nullptr : &m_oSRS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetGeoTransform()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRDataset::GetGeoTransform(double *adfGT)
{
    if (GDALPamDataset::GetGeoTransform(adfGT) == CE_None)
    {
        return CE_None;
    }
    memcpy(adfGT, m_adfGT, 6 * sizeof(double));
    return m_bHasGT ? CE_None : CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            Identify()                                */
/************************************************************************/

int GDALEXRDataset::Identify(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "EXR:"))
        return true;

    // Check magic number
    return poOpenInfo->fpL != nullptr && poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes >= 4 &&
           poOpenInfo->pabyHeader[0] == 0x76 &&
           poOpenInfo->pabyHeader[1] == 0x2f &&
           poOpenInfo->pabyHeader[2] == 0x31 &&
           poOpenInfo->pabyHeader[3] == 0x01;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GDALEXRIOStream                            */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALEXRIOStreamException final : public std::exception
{
    std::string m_msg;

  public:
    explicit GDALEXRIOStreamException(const std::string &msg) : m_msg(msg)
    {
    }
    const char *what() const noexcept override
    {
        return m_msg.c_str();
    }
};

#if OPENEXR_VERSION_MAJOR < 3
typedef Int64 IoInt64Type;
#else
typedef uint64_t IoInt64Type;
#endif

class GDALEXRIOStream final : public IStream, public OStream
{
  public:
    GDALEXRIOStream(VSILFILE *fp, const char *filename)
        : IStream(filename), OStream(filename), m_fp(fp)
    {
    }
    ~GDALEXRIOStream()
    {
        VSIFCloseL(m_fp);
    }

    virtual bool read(char c[/*n*/], int n) override;
    virtual void write(const char c[/*n*/], int n) override;
    virtual IoInt64Type tellg() override;
    virtual IoInt64Type tellp() override
    {
        return tellg();
    }
    virtual void seekg(IoInt64Type pos) override;
    virtual void seekp(IoInt64Type pos) override
    {
        return seekg(pos);
    }

  private:
    VSILFILE *m_fp;
};

bool GDALEXRIOStream::read(char c[/*n*/], int n)
{
    if (static_cast<int>(VSIFReadL(c, 1, n, m_fp)) != n)
    {
        if (VSIFEofL(m_fp))
        {
            throw GDALEXRIOStreamException(
                CPLSPrintf("Unexpected end of file. Cannot read %d bytes", n));
        }
        else
        {
            throw GDALEXRIOStreamException(
                CPLSPrintf("cannot read %d bytes", n));
        }
    }
    return VSIFEofL(m_fp) != 0;
}

void GDALEXRIOStream::write(const char c[/*n*/], int n)
{
    if (static_cast<int>(VSIFWriteL(c, 1, n, m_fp)) != n)
    {
        throw GDALEXRIOStreamException(CPLSPrintf("cannot write %d bytes", n));
    }
}

IoInt64Type GDALEXRIOStream::tellg()
{
    return static_cast<IoInt64Type>(VSIFTellL(m_fp));
}

void GDALEXRIOStream::seekg(IoInt64Type pos)
{
    VSIFSeekL(m_fp, static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(pos), SEEK_SET);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           setNumThreads()                            */
/************************************************************************/

static void setNumThreads()
{
    static std::mutex mutex;
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oLock(mutex);
    static bool bSet = false;
    if (!bSet)
    {
        bSet = true;
        setGlobalThreadCount(CPLGetNumCPUs());
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               Open()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *GDALEXRDataset::Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
    if (!Identify(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;
    if (poOpenInfo->eAccess == GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Update of existing EXR file not supported");
        return nullptr;
    }

    CPLString osFilename(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
    int iPart = 0;
    bool bIsPreview = false;
    VSILFILE *fp;
    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "EXR:"))
    {
        bIsPreview = STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "EXR:PREVIEW:");
        const char *pszPartPos =
            bIsPreview ? poOpenInfo->pszFilename + strlen("EXR:PREVIEW:")
                       : poOpenInfo->pszFilename + strlen("EXR:");
        const char *pszNextColumn = strchr(pszPartPos, ':');
        if (pszNextColumn == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        iPart = atoi(pszPartPos);
        if (iPart <= 0)
            return nullptr;
        osFilename = pszNextColumn + 1;
        fp = VSIFOpenL(osFilename, "rb");
        if (fp == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
        fp = poOpenInfo->fpL;
        poOpenInfo->fpL = nullptr;
    }

    try
    {
        auto poDS = cpl::make_unique<GDALEXRDataset>();
        poDS->m_pIStream.reset(new GDALEXRIOStream(fp, osFilename));
        poDS->m_pMPIF.reset(new MultiPartInputFile(*poDS->m_pIStream));
        if (iPart > 0 && iPart > poDS->m_pMPIF->parts())
            return nullptr;

        if (iPart > 0 || poDS->m_pMPIF->parts() == 1)
        {
            iPart = iPart > 0 ? iPart - 1 : 0;
            poDS->m_iPart = iPart;

            const auto &header = poDS->m_pMPIF->header(iPart);
            if (bIsPreview)
            {
                if (!header.hasPreviewImage())
                    return nullptr;
                for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
                {
                    const auto &preview = header.previewImage();
                    poDS->nRasterXSize = preview.width();
                    poDS->nRasterYSize = preview.height();
                    poDS->SetBand(i,
                                  new GDALEXRPreviewRasterBand(poDS.get(), i));
                }
                return poDS.release();
            }

            const auto &dataWindow = header.dataWindow();
            poDS->m_nDWMinX = dataWindow.min.x;
            poDS->m_nDWMinY = dataWindow.min.y;
            poDS->nRasterXSize = 1 + dataWindow.max.x - dataWindow.min.x;
            poDS->nRasterYSize = 1 + dataWindow.max.y - dataWindow.min.y;
            const auto &channels = header.channels();
            int i = 0;
            bool BGR = true;
            bool ABGR = true;
            bool BYRYY = true;
            PixelType samePixelType = NUM_PIXELTYPES;
            for (auto iter = channels.begin(); iter != channels.end();
                 ++iter, ++i)
            {
                const Channel &channel = iter.channel();
                const std::string name(iter.name());
                if (i == 0)
                    samePixelType = channel.type;
                else if (samePixelType != channel.type)
                {
                    ABGR = false;
                    BGR = false;
                }

                if (i == 0 && name != "B")
                    BGR = false;
                else if (i == 1 && name != "G")
                    BGR = false;
                else if (i == 2 && name != "R")
                    BGR = false;

                if (i == 0 && name != "A")
                    ABGR = false;
                else if (i == 1 && name != "B")
                    ABGR = false;
                else if (i == 2 && name != "G")
                    ABGR = false;
                else if (i == 3 && name != "R")
                    ABGR = false;

                if (i == 0 && name != "BY")
                    BYRYY = false;
                else if (i == 1 && name != "RY")
                    BYRYY = false;
                else if (i == 2 && name != "Y")
                    BYRYY = false;
            }
            BGR &= (i == 3);
            ABGR &= (i == 4);
            BYRYY &= iPart == 0 && (i == 3);
            int nBlockXSize = poDS->nRasterXSize;
            int nBlockYSize = 1;
            if (header.hasTileDescription())
            {
                const auto &tileDesc = header.tileDescription();
                nBlockXSize = tileDesc.xSize;
                nBlockYSize = tileDesc.ySize;
                poDS->m_pTiledIP.reset(
                    new TiledInputPart(*poDS->m_pMPIF, iPart));
            }
            else if (BYRYY)
            {
                poDS->m_pIStream->seekg(0);
                poDS->m_pRGBAIF.reset(new RgbaInputFile(*poDS->m_pIStream));
            }
            else
            {
                poDS->m_pIP.reset(new InputPart(*poDS->m_pMPIF, iPart));
            }
            if (BYRYY)
            {
                for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
                {
                    poDS->SetBand(i, new GDALEXRRGBARasterBand(poDS.get(), i));
                }
                poDS->SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
                poDS->SetMetadataItem("SOURCE_COLOR_SPACE", "YCbCr",
                                      "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            }
            else if (BGR || ABGR)
            {
                const int nBands = i;
                i = 0;
                for (auto iter = channels.begin(); iter != channels.end();
                     ++iter, ++i)
                {
                    auto poBand = new GDALEXRRasterBand(
                        poDS.get(), nBands - i, iter.name(), samePixelType,
                        nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize);
                    poBand->m_eInterp = static_cast<GDALColorInterp>(
                        GCI_RedBand + nBands - 1 - i);
                    poDS->SetBand(nBands - i, poBand);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                i = 0;
                for (auto iter = channels.begin(); iter != channels.end();
                     ++iter, ++i)
                {
                    const Channel &channel = iter.channel();
                    auto poBand = new GDALEXRRasterBand(
                        poDS.get(), i + 1, iter.name(), channel.type,
                        nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize);
                    const std::string name(iter.name());
                    if (name != CPLSPrintf("Band%d", i + 1))
                        poBand->SetDescription(name.c_str());
                    if (name == "B")
                        poBand->m_eInterp = GCI_BlueBand;
                    else if (name == "G")
                        poBand->m_eInterp = GCI_GreenBand;
                    else if (name == "R")
                        poBand->m_eInterp = GCI_RedBand;
                    else if (name == "A")
                        poBand->m_eInterp = GCI_AlphaBand;
                    else if (name == "Y")
                        poBand->m_eInterp = GCI_GrayIndex;
                    poDS->SetBand(i + 1, poBand);
                }
            }

            if (poDS->m_pTiledIP && !BYRYY &&
                // Not completely clear on tiling & overviews would work
                // on dataWindow.min != 0, so exclude that for now
                dataWindow.min.x == 0 && dataWindow.min.y == 0)
            {
                int nLevels = std::min(poDS->m_pTiledIP->numXLevels(),
                                       poDS->m_pTiledIP->numYLevels());
                for (int iLevel = 1; iLevel < nLevels; iLevel++)
                {
                    const int nOvrWidth = poDS->m_pTiledIP->levelWidth(iLevel);
                    const int nOvrHeight =
                        poDS->m_pTiledIP->levelHeight(iLevel);
                    if (nOvrWidth < 128 && nOvrHeight < 128)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    auto poOvrDS = cpl::make_unique<GDALEXRDataset>();
                    // coverity[escape]
                    poOvrDS->m_poParent = poDS.get();
                    poOvrDS->m_iLevel = iLevel;
                    poOvrDS->nRasterXSize = nOvrWidth;
                    poOvrDS->nRasterYSize = nOvrHeight;
                    poDS->m_apoOvrDS.push_back(std::move(poOvrDS));
                    i = 0;
                    for (auto iter = channels.begin(); iter != channels.end();
                         ++iter, ++i)
                    {
                        const Channel &channel = iter.channel();
                        auto poBand = new GDALEXRRasterBand(
                            poDS->m_apoOvrDS.back().get(), i + 1, iter.name(),
                            channel.type, nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize);
                        poDS->m_apoOvrDS.back()->SetBand(i + 1, poBand);
                    }
                }
            }

            for (auto iter = header.begin(); iter != header.end(); ++iter)
            {
                const Attribute *attr = &iter.attribute();
                const StringAttribute *stringAttr =
                    dynamic_cast<const StringAttribute *>(attr);
                const M33dAttribute *m33DAttr =
                    dynamic_cast<const M33dAttribute *>(attr);
                if (stringAttr && strcmp(iter.name(), "gdal:crsWkt") == 0)
                {
                    poDS->m_oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(
                        OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
                    poDS->m_oSRS.importFromWkt(stringAttr->value().c_str());
                }
                else if (m33DAttr &&
                         strcmp(iter.name(), "gdal:geoTransform") == 0)
                {
                    poDS->m_bHasGT = true;
                    poDS->m_adfGT[0] = m33DAttr->value()[0][2];
                    poDS->m_adfGT[1] = m33DAttr->value()[0][0];
                    poDS->m_adfGT[2] = m33DAttr->value()[0][1];
                    poDS->m_adfGT[3] = m33DAttr->value()[1][2];
                    poDS->m_adfGT[4] = m33DAttr->value()[1][0];
                    poDS->m_adfGT[5] = m33DAttr->value()[1][1];
                }
                else if (stringAttr && STARTS_WITH(iter.name(), "gdal:"))
                {
                    poDS->SetMetadataItem(iter.name() + strlen("gdal:"),
                                          stringAttr->value().c_str());
                }
                else if (stringAttr && strcmp(iter.name(), "type") != 0)
                {
                    poDS->SetMetadataItem(iter.name(),
                                          stringAttr->value().c_str());
                }
            }

            const auto &compression = header.compression();
            if (compression == NO_COMPRESSION)
            {
                // nothing
            }
            else if (compression < CPL_ARRAYSIZE(apszCompressions))
            {
                poDS->SetMetadataItem("COMPRESSION",
                                      apszCompressions[compression],
                                      "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            }
            else
            {
                CPLDebug("EXR", "Unknown compression method: %d", compression);
            }

            if (header.hasPreviewImage())
            {
                CPLStringList aosSubDS;
                aosSubDS.SetNameValue("SUBDATASET_1_NAME",
                                      CPLSPrintf("EXR:PREVIEW:%d:%s", iPart + 1,
                                                 osFilename.c_str()));
                aosSubDS.SetNameValue("SUBDATASET_1_DESC", "Preview image");
                poDS->SetMetadata(aosSubDS.List(), "SUBDATASETS");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            CPLStringList aosSubDS;
            for (int i = 0; i < poDS->m_pMPIF->parts(); i++)
            {
                const auto &header = poDS->m_pMPIF->header(i);
                aosSubDS.SetNameValue(
                    CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_NAME", i + 1),
                    CPLSPrintf("EXR:%d:%s", i + 1, poOpenInfo->pszFilename));
                aosSubDS.SetNameValue(CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_DESC", i + 1),
                                      header.name().c_str());
            }
            poDS->SetMetadata(aosSubDS.List(), "SUBDATASETS");
        }

        poDS->SetPamFlags(0);

        // Initialize any PAM information.
        poDS->SetDescription(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
        poDS->TryLoadXML();

        return poDS.release();
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "OpenEXR: %s", e.what());
        return nullptr;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          getPixelType()                              */
/************************************************************************/

static PixelType getPixelType(GDALDataType eSrcDT, char **papszOptions)
{
    PixelType pixelType =
        (eSrcDT == GDT_Byte) ? HALF
        : (eSrcDT == GDT_Int16 || eSrcDT == GDT_UInt16 || eSrcDT == GDT_UInt32)
            ? UINT
            : FLOAT;
    const char *pszPixelType =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "PIXEL_TYPE", "");
    if (EQUAL(pszPixelType, "HALF"))
        pixelType = HALF;
    else if (EQUAL(pszPixelType, "FLOAT"))
        pixelType = FLOAT;
    else if (EQUAL(pszPixelType, "UINT"))
        pixelType = UINT;
    return pixelType;
}

static void WriteSRSInHeader(Header &header, const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
{
    char *pszWKT = nullptr;
    const char *apszOptions[] = {"FORMAT=WKT2_2018", nullptr};
    poSRS->exportToWkt(&pszWKT, apszOptions);
    if (pszWKT)
    {
        header.insert("gdal:crsWkt", StringAttribute(pszWKT));
        CPLFree(pszWKT);
    }
}

static void WriteGeoTransformInHeader(Header &header, const double *padfGT)
{
    M33d gt;
    gt[0][0] = padfGT[1];
    gt[0][1] = padfGT[2];
    gt[0][2] = padfGT[0];
    gt[1][0] = padfGT[4];
    gt[1][1] = padfGT[5];
    gt[1][2] = padfGT[3];
    gt[2][0] = 0;
    gt[2][1] = 0;
    gt[2][2] = 1;
    header.insert("gdal:geoTransform", M33dAttribute(gt));
}

static void WriteMetadataInHeader(Header &header, CSLConstList papszMD)
{
    for (CSLConstList papszIter = papszMD; papszIter && *papszIter; ++papszIter)
    {
        char *pszKey = nullptr;
        const char *pszValue = CPLParseNameValue(*papszIter, &pszKey);
        if (pszKey && pszValue)
        {
            header.insert((std::string("gdal:") + pszKey).c_str(),
                          StringAttribute(pszValue));
        }
        CPLFree(pszKey);
    }
}

static void FillHeaderFromDataset(Header &header, GDALDataset *poDS)
{
    const auto poSRS = poDS->GetSpatialRef();
    if (poSRS)
    {
        WriteSRSInHeader(header, poSRS);
    }

    double adfGT[6];
    if (poDS->GetGeoTransform(adfGT) == CE_None)
    {
        WriteGeoTransformInHeader(header, adfGT);
    }

    WriteMetadataInHeader(header, poDS->GetMetadata());
}

static void FillHeaderFromOptions(Header &header, CSLConstList papszOptions)
{
    const char *pszDWACompressLevel =
        CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "DWA_COMPRESSION_LEVEL");
    if (pszDWACompressLevel)
    {
        header.insert(
            "dwaCompressionLevel",
            FloatAttribute(static_cast<float>(CPLAtof(pszDWACompressLevel))));
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             CreateCopy()                             */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *GDALEXRDataset::CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                        GDALDataset *poSrcDS, int,
                                        char **papszOptions,
                                        GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                        void *pProgressData)
{
    const int nBands = poSrcDS->GetRasterCount();
    const int nXSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize();
    const int nYSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize();
    if (nBands == 0)
        return nullptr;

    bool bRGB_or_RGBA = false;
    if ((nBands == 3 || nBands == 4))
    {
        bRGB_or_RGBA = true;
        for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
        {
            bRGB_or_RGBA &=
                (poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(iBand + 1)->GetColorInterpretation() ==
                 GCI_RedBand + iBand);
        }
    }

    const bool bPreview =
        CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "PREVIEW", "NO")) &&
        (nXSize > 100 || nYSize > 100);
    const GDALDataType eSrcDT = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
    if (bPreview && !(bRGB_or_RGBA && eSrcDT == GDT_Byte))
    {
        CPLError(
            CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
            "Preview creation only supported on RGB/RGBA images of type Byte");
        return nullptr;
    }
    const PixelType pixelType = getPixelType(eSrcDT, papszOptions);
    const bool bRescaleDiv255 =
        pixelType == HALF && bRGB_or_RGBA && eSrcDT == GDT_Byte &&
        CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "AUTO_RESCALE", "YES"));

    setNumThreads();

    CPLString osTmpOvrFile;
    try
    {
        VSILFILE *fp = VSIFOpenL(pszFilename, "wb+");
        if (fp == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s", pszFilename);
            return nullptr;
        }
        GDALEXRIOStream ostream(fp, pszFilename);

        std::vector<std::string> channelNames;
        if (bRGB_or_RGBA)
        {
            channelNames.push_back("R");
            channelNames.push_back("G");
            channelNames.push_back("B");
            if (nBands == 4)
            {
                channelNames.push_back("A");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
            {
                channelNames.push_back(CPLSPrintf("Band%d", iBand + 1));
            }
        }

        Header header(nXSize, nYSize);

        if (bPreview)
        {
            const int previewWidth = 100;
            const int previewHeight = std::max(
                1, static_cast<int>(static_cast<GIntBig>(previewWidth) *
                                    nYSize / nXSize));
            std::vector<PreviewRgba> pixels(previewWidth * previewHeight);
            if (poSrcDS->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, nXSize, nYSize, &pixels[0],
                                  previewWidth, previewHeight, GDT_Byte, nBands,
                                  nullptr, 4, 4 * previewWidth, 1,
                                  nullptr) == CE_None)
            {
                header.setPreviewImage(
                    PreviewImage(previewWidth, previewHeight, &pixels[0]));
            }
        }

        FillHeaderFromDataset(header, poSrcDS);

        const char *pszCompress =
            CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "COMPRESS", "");
        if (pszCompress[0] != '\0')
        {
            bool bFound = false;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < CPL_ARRAYSIZE(apszCompressions); i++)
            {
                if (EQUAL(pszCompress, apszCompressions[i]))
                {
                    bFound = true;
                    header.compression() = static_cast<Compression>(i);
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!bFound)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unknown compression %s",
                         pszCompress);
                return nullptr;
            }
        }

        FillHeaderFromOptions(header, papszOptions);

        std::vector<half> bufferHalf;
        std::vector<float> bufferFloat;
        std::vector<GUInt32> bufferUInt;
        const size_t pixelTypeSize = (pixelType == HALF) ? 2 : 4;
        const GDALDataType eDT = (pixelType == UINT) ? GDT_UInt32 : GDT_Float32;
        const GSpacing nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDT);

        const bool bTiled =
            CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "TILED", "YES"));

        int nChunkXSize;
        int nChunkYSize;
        const int nBlockXSize =
            atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BLOCKXSIZE", "256"));
        const int nBlockYSize =
            atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BLOCKYSIZE", "256"));
        if (nBlockXSize <= 8 || nBlockYSize <= 8 || nBlockXSize >= 8192 ||
            nBlockYSize >= 8192)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Invalid block size");
            return nullptr;
        }
        constexpr int MAX_BUFFER_SIZE = 10 * 1024 * 1024;

        const bool bBuildOvr =
            CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "OVERVIEWS", "NO"));
        if (bBuildOvr && !bTiled)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                     "Overviews only supported on tiled images");
            return nullptr;
        }

        if (bTiled)
        {
            header.setType(TILEDIMAGE);
            header.setTileDescription(TileDescription(
                nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize, bBuildOvr ? MIPMAP_LEVELS : ONE_LEVEL,
                ROUND_UP));
            nChunkYSize = nBlockYSize;
            nChunkXSize =
                std::min(std::max(nBlockXSize,
                                  static_cast<int>(
                                      MAX_BUFFER_SIZE /
                                      (pixelTypeSize * nBands * nBlockYSize) /
                                      nBlockXSize * nBlockXSize)),
                         nXSize);
        }
        else
        {
            header.setType(SCANLINEIMAGE);
            nChunkXSize = nXSize;
            nChunkYSize = std::min(
                std::max(1,
                         static_cast<int>(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE /
                                          (pixelTypeSize * nBands * nXSize))),
                nYSize);
        }
        char *sliceBuffer;
        if (pixelType == UINT)
        {
            bufferUInt.resize(nBands * nChunkXSize * nChunkYSize);
            sliceBuffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(bufferUInt.data());
        }
        else
        {
            bufferFloat.resize(nBands * nChunkXSize * nChunkYSize);
            if (pixelType == HALF)
            {
                bufferHalf.resize(nBands * nChunkXSize * nChunkYSize);
                sliceBuffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(bufferHalf.data());
            }
            else
            {
                sliceBuffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(bufferFloat.data());
            }
        }

        for (const auto &channelName : channelNames)
        {
            header.channels().insert(channelName, Channel(pixelType));
        }

        MultiPartOutputFile mpof(ostream, &header, 1);
        if (bTiled)
        {
            TiledOutputPart op(mpof, 0);

            if (bBuildOvr)
            {
                if (nBlockXSize != nBlockYSize)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Overview building only works if "
                             "BLOCKXSIZE=BLOCKYSIZE");
                    return nullptr;
                }
                if (nBlockXSize < 64 || nBlockXSize > 4096 ||
                    !CPLIsPowerOfTwo(nBlockXSize))
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Overview building only works if "
                             "BLOCKXSIZE=BLOCKYSIZE is a power of 2 "
                             "between 64 and 4096.");
                    return nullptr;
                }
            }

            const auto writeTiles =
                [nChunkXSize, nChunkYSize, nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize, nBands,
                 pixelType, pixelTypeSize, sliceBuffer, eDT, nDTSize,
                 bRescaleDiv255, &channelNames, &op, &bufferFloat, &bufferHalf,
                 &bufferUInt](GDALDataset *l_poDS, int iLevel,
                              GDALProgressFunc l_pfnProgress,
                              void *l_pProgressData)
            {
                const int l_nXSize = l_poDS->GetRasterXSize();
                const int l_nYSize = l_poDS->GetRasterYSize();
                const int nXBlocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(l_nXSize, nBlockXSize);
                const int nYBlocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(l_nYSize, nBlockYSize);
                for (int y = 0; y < l_nYSize; y += nChunkYSize)
                {
                    const int nLinesToRead =
                        std::min(nChunkYSize, l_nYSize - y);
                    for (int x = 0; x < l_nXSize; x += nChunkXSize)
                    {
                        const int nColsToRead =
                            std::min(nChunkXSize, l_nXSize - x);
                        FrameBuffer fb;
                        for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
                        {
                            const auto slice = Slice(
                                pixelType,
                                sliceBuffer +
                                    iBand * pixelTypeSize * nChunkXSize *
                                        nChunkYSize -
                                    (x * pixelTypeSize +
                                     y * pixelTypeSize * nChunkXSize),
                                pixelTypeSize, pixelTypeSize * nChunkXSize);
                            fb.insert(channelNames[iBand], slice);
                        }
                        if (l_poDS->RasterIO(
                                GF_Read, x, y, nColsToRead, nLinesToRead,
                                !bufferFloat.empty()
                                    ? reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(&bufferFloat[0])
                                    : reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(&bufferUInt[0]),
                                nColsToRead, nLinesToRead, eDT, nBands, nullptr,
                                nDTSize, nDTSize * nChunkXSize,
                                nDTSize * nChunkXSize * nChunkYSize,
                                nullptr) != CE_None)
                        {
                            return false;
                        }
                        if (pixelType == HALF)
                        {
                            const size_t nPixelsInBuffer =
                                static_cast<size_t>(nChunkXSize) * nChunkYSize *
                                nBands;
                            if (bRescaleDiv255)
                            {
                                for (size_t i = 0; i < nPixelsInBuffer; i++)
                                {
                                    bufferHalf[i] = bufferFloat[i] / 255.0f;
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                for (size_t i = 0; i < nPixelsInBuffer; i++)
                                {
                                    bufferHalf[i] = bufferFloat[i];
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        op.setFrameBuffer(fb);
                        const int blockXMax =
                            (x + nColsToRead - 1) / nBlockXSize;
                        const int blockYMax =
                            (y + nLinesToRead - 1) / nBlockYSize;
                        op.writeTiles(x / nBlockXSize, blockXMax,
                                      y / nBlockYSize, blockYMax, iLevel);
                        if (l_pfnProgress &&
                            !l_pfnProgress(
                                (static_cast<double>(blockYMax) * nXBlocks +
                                 blockXMax + 1) /
                                    nXBlocks / nYBlocks,
                                "", l_pProgressData))
                        {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }
                return true;
            };

            struct ScaledProgressReleaser
            {
                void operator()(void *progress) const
                {
                    GDALDestroyScaledProgress(progress);
                }
            };

            using ScaledProgressUniquePtr =
                std::unique_ptr<void, ScaledProgressReleaser>;
            ScaledProgressUniquePtr progress;

            // Write full resolution imagery
            if (bBuildOvr)
                progress.reset(GDALCreateScaledProgress(0, 0.5, pfnProgress,
                                                        pProgressData));
            else
                progress.reset(
                    GDALCreateScaledProgress(0, 1, pfnProgress, pProgressData));
            if (!writeTiles(poSrcDS, 0, GDALScaledProgress, progress.get()))
            {
                if (!osTmpOvrFile.empty())
                    VSIUnlink(osTmpOvrFile);
                return nullptr;
            }

            if (bBuildOvr)
            {
                // First build overviews in a temporary GTiff file
                GDALDefaultOverviews oOvr;
                oOvr.Initialize(poSrcDS);
                std::vector<int> anOvrFactors;
                for (int i = 1; i < op.numLevels(); i++)
                    anOvrFactors.push_back(1 << i);
                std::vector<int> anBands;
                for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
                    anBands.push_back(iBand + 1);
                CPLConfigOptionSetter oSetter("GDAL_TIFF_OVR_BLOCKSIZE",
                                              CPLSPrintf("%d", nBlockXSize),
                                              false);
                const CPLString osTmpOvrFileRadix(
                    CPLSPrintf("%s_tmp", pszFilename));
                osTmpOvrFile = osTmpOvrFileRadix + ".ovr";
                progress.reset(GDALCreateScaledProgress(0.5, 0.8, pfnProgress,
                                                        pProgressData));
                if (oOvr.BuildOverviews(
                        osTmpOvrFileRadix,
                        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions,
                                             "OVERVIEW_RESAMPLING", "CUBIC"),
                        static_cast<int>(anOvrFactors.size()), &anOvrFactors[0],
                        nBands, &anBands[0], GDALScaledProgress, progress.get(),
                        nullptr) != CE_None)
                {
                    VSIUnlink(osTmpOvrFile);
                    return nullptr;
                }

                // Transfer overviews from temporary file to main image
                std::unique_ptr<GDALDataset> poOvrDS(
                    GDALDataset::Open(osTmpOvrFile));
                if (!poOvrDS)
                    return nullptr;
                const int nOvrs =
                    1 + poOvrDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetOverviewCount();
                for (int i = 0; i < nOvrs; i++)
                {
                    auto poThisOvrDS = (i == 0) ? poOvrDS.get()
                                                : poOvrDS->GetRasterBand(1)
                                                      ->GetOverview(i - 1)
                                                      ->GetDataset();
                    CPLAssert(poThisOvrDS);
                    if (i == 0)
                        progress.reset(GDALCreateScaledProgress(
                            0.8, nOvrs == 1 ? 1.0 : 0.9, pfnProgress,
                            pProgressData));
                    else if (i == 1)
                        progress.reset(GDALCreateScaledProgress(
                            0.9, nOvrs == 2 ? 1.0 : 0.95, pfnProgress,
                            pProgressData));
                    else
                        progress.reset(GDALCreateScaledProgress(
                            0.95 + 0.05 * (i - 2) / (nOvrs - 2),
                            0.95 + 0.05 * (i - 2 + 1) / (nOvrs - 2),
                            pfnProgress, pProgressData));
                    if (!writeTiles(poThisOvrDS, i + 1, GDALScaledProgress,
                                    progress.get()))
                    {
                        poOvrDS.reset();
                        VSIUnlink(osTmpOvrFile);
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                }

                poOvrDS.reset();
                VSIUnlink(osTmpOvrFile);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            OutputPart op(mpof, 0);

            for (int y = 0; y < nYSize; y += nChunkYSize)
            {
                FrameBuffer fb;
                const int nLinesToRead = std::min(nChunkYSize, nYSize - y);
                for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
                {
                    const auto slice = Slice(
                        pixelType,
                        sliceBuffer +
                            iBand * pixelTypeSize * nXSize * nLinesToRead -
                            y * pixelTypeSize * nXSize,
                        pixelTypeSize, pixelTypeSize * nXSize);
                    fb.insert(channelNames[iBand], slice);
                }
                if (poSrcDS->RasterIO(
                        GF_Read, 0, y, nXSize, nLinesToRead,
                        !bufferFloat.empty()
                            ? reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(&bufferFloat[0])
                            : reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(&bufferUInt[0]),
                        nXSize, nLinesToRead, eDT, nBands, nullptr, nDTSize,
                        nDTSize * nXSize, nDTSize * nXSize * nLinesToRead,
                        nullptr) != CE_None)
                {
                    return nullptr;
                }
                if (pixelType == HALF)
                {
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(nXSize) *
                                               nLinesToRead * nBands;
                         i++)
                    {
                        // cppcheck-suppress unreadVariable
                        bufferHalf[i] = bufferFloat[i];
                    }
                }
                op.setFrameBuffer(fb);
                op.writePixels(nLinesToRead);
                if (pfnProgress &&
                    !pfnProgress(static_cast<double>(y + nLinesToRead) / nYSize,
                                 "", pProgressData))
                {
                    return nullptr;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        if (!osTmpOvrFile.empty())
            VSIUnlink(osTmpOvrFile);
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "OpenEXR: %s", e.what());
        return nullptr;
    }
    GDALOpenInfo oOpenInfo(pszFilename, GA_ReadOnly);
    return GDALEXRDataset::Open(&oOpenInfo);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALEXRWritableDataset                       */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALEXRWritableDataset final : public GDALPamDataset
{
    friend class GDALEXRDataset;
    friend class GDALEXRWritableRasterBand;

    PixelType m_pixelType = HALF;
    int m_nBlockXSize = 0;
    int m_nBlockYSize = 0;

    // Keep stream before others, so that it is destroyed last
    std::unique_ptr<OStream> m_pOStream{};

    std::unique_ptr<TiledOutputPart> m_pTOP{};
    std::unique_ptr<MultiPartOutputFile> m_pMPOF{};

    std::vector<std::string> m_channelNames{};

    bool m_bTriedWritingHeader = false;
    std::vector<half> m_bufferHalf{};
    std::vector<float> m_bufferFloat{};
    std::vector<GUInt32> m_bufferUInt{};
    size_t m_nBufferEltSize = 0;
    char *m_pSliceBuffer = nullptr;

    OGRSpatialReference m_oSRS{};
    double m_adfGT[6] = {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1};
    bool m_bHasGT = false;

    CPLStringList m_aosMetadata{};

    std::vector<bool> m_abWrittenBlocks{};
    size_t m_nXBlocks = 0;

    bool m_bRescaleDiv255 = false;

    Header m_header;

    void WriteHeader();

  public:
    GDALEXRWritableDataset(int nXSize, int nYSize) : m_header(nXSize, nYSize)
    {
        nRasterXSize = nXSize;
        nRasterYSize = nYSize;
    }
    ~GDALEXRWritableDataset() override;

    CPLErr SetGeoTransform(double *adfGT) override;
    CPLErr SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS) override;

    const OGRSpatialReference *GetSpatialRef() const override;
    CPLErr GetGeoTransform(double *adfGT) override;

    CPLErr SetMetadata(char **, const char * = "") override;
    CPLErr SetMetadataItem(const char *, const char *,
                           const char * = "") override;

    char **GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain = "") override;
    const char *GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                const char *pszDomain = "") override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ~GDALEXRWritableDataset()                      */
/************************************************************************/

GDALEXRWritableDataset::~GDALEXRWritableDataset()
{
    WriteHeader();
    FlushCache(true);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            SetGeoTransform()                         */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRWritableDataset::SetGeoTransform(double *adfGT)
{
    if (m_bTriedWritingHeader)
    {
        CPLError(
            CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "SetGeoTransform() called after writing pixels. Will go to PAM");
        return GDALPamDataset::SetGeoTransform(adfGT);
    }
    m_bHasGT = true;
    memcpy(m_adfGT, adfGT, 6 * sizeof(double));
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            SetSpatialRef()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRWritableDataset::SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
{
    if (m_bTriedWritingHeader)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "SetSpatialRef() called after writing pixels. Will go to PAM");
        return GDALPamDataset::SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
    }
    if (poSRS)
        m_oSRS = *poSRS;
    else
        m_oSRS.Clear();
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMetadata()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRWritableDataset::SetMetadata(char **papszMD,
                                           const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (pszDomain == nullptr || pszDomain[0] == 0)
    {
        m_aosMetadata = CSLDuplicate(papszMD);
        if (m_bTriedWritingHeader)
        {
            CPLError(
                CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "SetMetadata() called after writing pixels. Will go to PAM");
        }
        else
        {
            return CE_None;
        }
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadata(papszMD, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetMetadataItem()                          */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRWritableDataset::SetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                               const char *pszValue,
                                               const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (pszDomain == nullptr || pszDomain[0] == 0)
    {
        m_aosMetadata.SetNameValue(pszName, pszValue);
        if (m_bTriedWritingHeader)
        {
            CPLError(
                CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "SetMetadata() called after writing pixels. Will go to PAM");
        }
        else
        {
            return CE_None;
        }
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetMetadata()                            */
/************************************************************************/

char **GDALEXRWritableDataset::GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (pszDomain == nullptr || pszDomain[0] == 0)
    {
        return m_aosMetadata.List();
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata(pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMetadataItem()                          */
/************************************************************************/

const char *GDALEXRWritableDataset::GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                                    const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (pszDomain == nullptr || pszDomain[0] == 0)
    {
        return m_aosMetadata.FetchNameValue(pszName);
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetSpatialRef()                             */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference *GDALEXRWritableDataset::GetSpatialRef() const
{
    const auto *poPamSRS = GDALPamDataset::GetSpatialRef();
    if (poPamSRS)
        return poPamSRS;
    return m_oSRS.IsEmpty() ? nullptr : &m_oSRS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetGeoTransform()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRWritableDataset::GetGeoTransform(double *adfGT)
{
    if (GDALPamDataset::GetGeoTransform(adfGT) == CE_None)
    {
        return CE_None;
    }
    memcpy(adfGT, m_adfGT, 6 * sizeof(double));
    return m_bHasGT ? CE_None : CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             WriteHeader()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALEXRWritableDataset::WriteHeader()
{
    if (m_bTriedWritingHeader)
        return;
    m_bTriedWritingHeader = true;

    try
    {
        FillHeaderFromDataset(m_header, this);

        bool bRGB_or_RGBA = false;
        if (nBands == 3 || nBands == 4)
        {
            bRGB_or_RGBA = true;
            for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
            {
                bRGB_or_RGBA &=
                    GetRasterBand(i + 1)->GetColorInterpretation() ==
                    GCI_RedBand + i;
            }
        }
        m_bRescaleDiv255 &= m_pixelType == HALF && bRGB_or_RGBA &&
                            GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte;

        if (bRGB_or_RGBA)
        {
            m_channelNames.push_back("R");
            m_channelNames.push_back("G");
            m_channelNames.push_back("B");
            if (nBands == 4)
            {
                m_channelNames.push_back("A");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
            {
                m_channelNames.push_back(CPLSPrintf("Band%d", iBand + 1));
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
        {
            m_header.channels().insert(m_channelNames[i], Channel(m_pixelType));
        }

        m_pMPOF.reset(new MultiPartOutputFile(*m_pOStream, &m_header, 1));
        m_pTOP.reset(new TiledOutputPart(*m_pMPOF, 0));

        const size_t nElts =
            static_cast<size_t>(nBands) * m_nBlockXSize * m_nBlockYSize;
        if (m_pixelType == HALF)
        {
            m_bufferHalf.resize(nElts);
            m_bufferFloat.resize(nElts / nBands);
            m_pSliceBuffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(&m_bufferHalf[0]);
            m_nBufferEltSize = sizeof(half);
        }
        else if (m_pixelType == FLOAT)
        {
            m_bufferFloat.resize(nElts);
            m_pSliceBuffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(&m_bufferFloat[0]);
            m_nBufferEltSize = sizeof(float);
        }
        else
        {
            m_bufferUInt.resize(nElts);
            m_pSliceBuffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(&m_bufferUInt[0]);
            m_nBufferEltSize = sizeof(unsigned int);
        }
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "OpenEXR: %s", e.what());
        m_pTOP.reset();
        m_pMPOF.reset();
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALEXRWritableRasterBand                      */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALEXRWritableRasterBand final : public GDALPamRasterBand
{
    GDALColorInterp m_eInterp = GCI_Undefined;

  protected:
    CPLErr IReadBlock(int, int, void *) override;
    CPLErr IWriteBlock(int, int, void *) override;

  public:
    GDALEXRWritableRasterBand(GDALEXRWritableDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn,
                              GDALDataType eTypeIn);

    CPLErr SetColorInterpretation(GDALColorInterp eInterp) override
    {
        m_eInterp = eInterp;
        return CE_None;
    }
    GDALColorInterp GetColorInterpretation() override
    {
        return m_eInterp;
    }
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALEXRWritableRasterBand()                    */
/************************************************************************/

GDALEXRWritableRasterBand::GDALEXRWritableRasterBand(
    GDALEXRWritableDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn, GDALDataType eTypeIn)
{
    poDS = poDSIn;
    nBand = nBandIn;
    nRasterXSize = poDSIn->GetRasterXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poDSIn->GetRasterYSize();
    nBlockXSize = poDSIn->m_nBlockXSize;
    nBlockYSize = poDSIn->m_nBlockYSize;
    eDataType = eTypeIn;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           IReadBlock()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRWritableRasterBand::IReadBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                                             void *pImage)
{
    auto poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRWritableDataset *>(poDS);
    if (!poGDS->m_abWrittenBlocks[nBlockYOff * poGDS->m_nXBlocks + nBlockXOff])
    {
        const size_t nPixelsInBlock =
            static_cast<size_t>(nBlockXSize) * nBlockYSize;
        memset(pImage, 0, nPixelsInBlock * GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType));
        return CE_None;
    }
    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
             "Reading blocks in a EXR dataset created by Create() is not "
             "supported");
    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           IWriteBlock()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALEXRWritableRasterBand::IWriteBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                                              void *pImage)
{
    auto poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRWritableDataset *>(poDS);
    poGDS->WriteHeader();
    if (!poGDS->m_pTOP)
        return CE_Failure;

    poGDS->m_abWrittenBlocks[nBlockYOff * poGDS->m_nXBlocks + nBlockXOff] =
        true;

    bool bAllBlocksDirty = true;
    std::vector<GDALRasterBlock *> apoBlocks;
    apoBlocks.resize(poGDS->nBands);
    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < poGDS->nBands; ++iBand)
    {
        if (iBand + 1 != nBand)
        {
            apoBlocks[iBand] =
                cpl::down_cast<GDALEXRWritableRasterBand *>(
                    poGDS->GetRasterBand(iBand + 1))
                    ->TryGetLockedBlockRef(nBlockXOff, nBlockYOff);

            if (apoBlocks[iBand] == nullptr)
            {
                bAllBlocksDirty = false;
                break;
            }
            else if (!apoBlocks[iBand]->GetDirty())
            {
                apoBlocks[iBand]->DropLock();
                apoBlocks[iBand] = nullptr;
                bAllBlocksDirty = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            apoBlocks[iBand] = nullptr;
        }
    }
    if (!bAllBlocksDirty)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "For block (%d, %d), blocks for some bands are not available "
                 "in the cache. Corresponding data will be assumed to be zero.",
                 nBlockXOff, nBlockYOff);
    }

    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    try
    {
        FrameBuffer fb;
        const int x = nBlockXOff * nBlockXSize;
        const int y = nBlockYOff * nBlockYSize;
        const size_t nPixelsInBlock =
            static_cast<size_t>(nBlockXSize) * nBlockYSize;
        const GDALDataType eDstDT =
            poGDS->m_pixelType == UINT ? GDT_UInt32 : GDT_Float32;
        for (int iBand = 0; iBand < poGDS->nBands; iBand++)
        {
            char *const dstPtr =
                poGDS->m_pSliceBuffer +
                iBand * poGDS->m_nBufferEltSize * nPixelsInBlock;
            const auto slice = Slice(
                poGDS->m_pixelType,
                dstPtr - (x * poGDS->m_nBufferEltSize +
                          y * poGDS->m_nBufferEltSize * nBlockXSize),
                poGDS->m_nBufferEltSize, poGDS->m_nBufferEltSize * nBlockXSize);
            fb.insert(poGDS->m_channelNames[iBand], slice);

            const void *srcPtr = nullptr;
            if (iBand + 1 == nBand)
                srcPtr = pImage;
            else if (apoBlocks[iBand])
                srcPtr = apoBlocks[iBand]->GetDataRef();
            else
            {
                memset(poGDS->m_pSliceBuffer +
                           iBand * poGDS->m_nBufferEltSize * nPixelsInBlock,
                       0, nPixelsInBlock * poGDS->m_nBufferEltSize);
                continue;
            }

            GDALCopyWords64(srcPtr, eDataType,
                            GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType),
                            poGDS->m_pixelType == HALF
                                ? static_cast<void *>(&poGDS->m_bufferFloat[0])
                                : static_cast<void *>(dstPtr),
                            eDstDT, GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDstDT),
                            static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(nPixelsInBlock));
            if (poGDS->m_pixelType == HALF)
            {
                if (poGDS->m_bRescaleDiv255)
                {
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < nPixelsInBlock; i++)
                    {
                        poGDS->m_bufferHalf[iBand * nPixelsInBlock + i] =
                            poGDS->m_bufferFloat[i] / 255.0f;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < nPixelsInBlock; i++)
                    {
                        poGDS->m_bufferHalf[iBand * nPixelsInBlock + i] =
                            poGDS->m_bufferFloat[i];
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        poGDS->m_pTOP->setFrameBuffer(fb);
        poGDS->m_pTOP->writeTile(nBlockXOff, nBlockYOff);
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "OpenEXR: %s", e.what());
        eErr = CE_Failure;
    }

    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < poGDS->nBands; ++iBand)
    {
        if (apoBlocks[iBand])
        {
            apoBlocks[iBand]->MarkClean();
            apoBlocks[iBand]->DropLock();
        }
    }

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            Create()                                  */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *GDALEXRDataset::Create(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize,
                                    int nYSize, int nBandsIn,
                                    GDALDataType eType, char **papszOptions)
{
    if (nBandsIn == 0)
        return nullptr;
    const PixelType pixelType = getPixelType(eType, papszOptions);

    if (!CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "TILED", "YES")))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Create() only supports tiled mode");
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "OVERVIEWS", "NO")))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Create() does not support overview creation.");
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "PREVIEW", "NO")))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Create() does not support preview creation.");
        return nullptr;
    }

    Compression compression = ZIP_COMPRESSION;
    const char *pszCompress =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "COMPRESS", "");
    if (pszCompress[0] != '\0')
    {
        bool bFound = false;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < CPL_ARRAYSIZE(apszCompressions); i++)
        {
            if (EQUAL(pszCompress, apszCompressions[i]))
            {
                bFound = true;
                compression = static_cast<Compression>(i);
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!bFound)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unknown compression %s",
                     pszCompress);
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    const int nBlockXSize =
        atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BLOCKXSIZE", "256"));
    const int nBlockYSize =
        atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BLOCKYSIZE", "256"));
    if (nBlockXSize <= 8 || nBlockYSize <= 8 || nBlockXSize >= 8192 ||
        nBlockYSize >= 8192)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Invalid block size");
        return nullptr;
    }

    VSILFILE *fp = VSIFOpenL(pszFilename, "wb+");
    if (fp == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s", pszFilename);
        return nullptr;
    }
    auto poDS = std::unique_ptr<GDALEXRWritableDataset>(
        new GDALEXRWritableDataset(nXSize, nYSize));
    poDS->m_pOStream.reset(new GDALEXRIOStream(fp, pszFilename));
    poDS->eAccess = GA_Update;
    poDS->m_pixelType = pixelType;
    poDS->m_header.compression() = compression;
    poDS->m_header.setType(TILEDIMAGE);
    poDS->m_header.setTileDescription(
        TileDescription(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize));
    FillHeaderFromOptions(poDS->m_header, papszOptions);
    poDS->m_nBlockXSize = nBlockXSize;
    poDS->m_nBlockYSize = nBlockYSize;
    poDS->m_nXBlocks = static_cast<size_t>(DIV_ROUND_UP(nXSize, nBlockXSize));
    const size_t nYBlocks =
        static_cast<size_t>(DIV_ROUND_UP(nYSize, nBlockYSize));
    if (poDS->m_nXBlocks > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / nYBlocks)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    try
    {
        poDS->m_abWrittenBlocks.resize(poDS->m_nXBlocks * nYBlocks);
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s", e.what());
        return nullptr;
    }
    poDS->m_bRescaleDiv255 =
        CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "AUTO_RESCALE", "YES"));

    if (nBandsIn > 1)
    {
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL",
                                           "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < nBandsIn; i++)
    {
        poDS->SetBand(i + 1,
                      new GDALEXRWritableRasterBand(poDS.get(), i + 1, eType));
    }
    poDS->SetDescription(pszFilename);
    poDS->TryLoadXML();
    return poDS.release();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALRegister_EXR()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRegister_EXR()

{
    if (!GDAL_CHECK_VERSION("EXR driver"))
        return;

    if (GDALGetDriverByName("EXR") != nullptr)
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();

    poDriver->SetDescription("EXR");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_RASTER, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_LONGNAME,
                              "Extended Dynamic Range Image File Format");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_HELPTOPIC, "drivers/raster/exr.html");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_EXTENSION, "exr");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
        "<CreationOptionList>"
        "   <Option name='COMPRESS' type='string-select' default='ZIP'>"
        "     <Value>NONE</Value>"
        "     <Value>RLE</Value>"
        "     <Value>ZIPS</Value>"
        "     <Value>ZIP</Value>"
        "     <Value>PIZ</Value>"
        "     <Value>PXR24</Value>"
        "     <Value>B44</Value>"
        "     <Value>B44A</Value>"
        "     <Value>DWAA</Value>"
        "     <Value>DWAB</Value>"
        "   </Option>"
        "   <Option name='PIXEL_TYPE' type='string-select'>"
        "     <Value>HALF</Value>"
        "     <Value>FLOAT</Value>"
        "     <Value>UINT</Value>"
        "   </Option>"
        "   <Option name='TILED' type='boolean' description='Use tiling' "
        "default='YES'/>"
        "   <Option name='BLOCKXSIZE' type='int' description='Tile width' "
        "default='256'/>"
        "   <Option name='BLOCKYSIZE' type='int' description='Tile height' "
        "default='256'/>"
        "   <Option name='OVERVIEWS' type='boolean' description='Whether to "
        "create overviews' default='NO'/>"
        "   <Option name='OVERVIEW_RESAMPLING' type='string' "
        "description='Resampling method' default='CUBIC'/>"
        "   <Option name='PREVIEW' type='boolean' description='Create a "
        "preview' default='NO'/>"
        "   <Option name='AUTO_RESCALE' type='boolean' description='Whether to "
        "rescale Byte RGB(A) values to 0-1' default='YES'/>"
        "   <Option name='DWA_COMPRESSION_LEVEL' type='int' description='DWA "
        "compression level'/>"
        "</CreationOptionList>");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_SUBDATASETS, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_VIRTUALIO, "YES");

    poDriver->pfnOpen = GDALEXRDataset::Open;
    poDriver->pfnIdentify = GDALEXRDataset::Identify;
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = GDALEXRDataset::CreateCopy;
    poDriver->pfnCreate = GDALEXRDataset::Create;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
}
