========================================
Supported Python features in CUDA Python
========================================

This page lists the Python features supported in the CUDA Python.  This includes
all kernel and device functions compiled with ``@cuda.jit`` and other higher
level Numba decorators that targets the CUDA GPU.

Language
========

Execution Model
---------------

CUDA Python maps directly to the *single-instruction multiple-thread*
execution (SIMT) model of CUDA.  Each instruction is implicitly
executed by multiple threads in parallel.  With this execution model, array
expressions are less useful because we don't want multiple threads to perform
the same task.  Instead, we want threads to perform a task in a cooperative
fashion.

For details please consult the
`CUDA Programming Guide
<http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/#programming-model>`_.

Constructs
----------

The following Python constructs are not supported:

* Exception handling (``try .. except``, ``try .. finally``)
* Context management (the ``with`` statement)
* Comprehensions (either list, dict, set or generator comprehensions)
* Generator (any ``yield`` statements)

The ``raise`` statement is supported.

The ``assert`` statement is supported, but only has an effect when
``debug=True`` is passed to the :func:`numba.cuda.jit` decorator. This is
similar to the behavior of the ``assert`` keyword in CUDA C/C++, which is
ignored unless compiling with device debug turned on.


Printing of strings, integers, and floats is supported, but printing is an
asynchronous operation - in order to ensure that all output is printed after a
kernel launch, it is necessary to call :func:`numba.cuda.synchronize`. Eliding
the call to ``synchronize`` is acceptable, but output from a kernel may appear
during other later driver operations (e.g. subsequent kernel launches, memory
transfers, etc.), or fail to appear before the program execution completes. Up
to 32 arguments may be passed to the ``print`` function - if more are passed
then a format string will be emitted instead and a warning will be produced.
This is due to a general limitation in CUDA printing, as outlined in the
`section on limitations in printing
<https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/index.html#limitations>`_
in the CUDA C++ Programming Guide.

Built-in types
===============

The following built-in types support are inherited from CPU nopython mode.

* int
* float
* complex
* bool
* None
* tuple

See :ref:`nopython built-in types <pysupported-builtin-types>`.

There is also some very limited support for character sequences (bytes and
unicode strings) used in NumPy arrays. Note that this support can only be used
with CUDA 11.2 onwards.

Built-in functions
==================

The following built-in functions are supported:

* :func:`abs`
* :class:`bool`
* :class:`complex`
* :func:`enumerate`
* :class:`float`
* :class:`int`: only the one-argument form
* :func:`len`
* :func:`min`: only the multiple-argument form
* :func:`max`: only the multiple-argument form
* :func:`pow`
* :class:`range`
* :func:`round`
* :func:`zip`


Standard library modules
========================


``cmath``
---------

The following functions from the :mod:`cmath` module are supported:

* :func:`cmath.acos`
* :func:`cmath.acosh`
* :func:`cmath.asin`
* :func:`cmath.asinh`
* :func:`cmath.atan`
* :func:`cmath.atanh`
* :func:`cmath.cos`
* :func:`cmath.cosh`
* :func:`cmath.exp`
* :func:`cmath.isfinite`
* :func:`cmath.isinf`
* :func:`cmath.isnan`
* :func:`cmath.log`
* :func:`cmath.log10`
* :func:`cmath.phase`
* :func:`cmath.polar`
* :func:`cmath.rect`
* :func:`cmath.sin`
* :func:`cmath.sinh`
* :func:`cmath.sqrt`
* :func:`cmath.tan`
* :func:`cmath.tanh`

``math``
--------

The following functions from the :mod:`math` module are supported:

* :func:`math.acos`
* :func:`math.asin`
* :func:`math.atan`
* :func:`math.acosh`
* :func:`math.asinh`
* :func:`math.atanh`
* :func:`math.cos`
* :func:`math.sin`
* :func:`math.tan`
* :func:`math.hypot`
* :func:`math.cosh`
* :func:`math.sinh`
* :func:`math.tanh`
* :func:`math.atan2`
* :func:`math.erf`
* :func:`math.erfc`
* :func:`math.exp`
* :func:`math.expm1`
* :func:`math.fabs`
* :func:`math.frexp`
* :func:`math.ldexp`
* :func:`math.gamma`
* :func:`math.lgamma`
* :func:`math.log`
* :func:`math.log2`
* :func:`math.log10`
* :func:`math.log1p`
* :func:`math.sqrt`
* :func:`math.remainder`: Python 3.7+
* :func:`math.pow`
* :func:`math.ceil`
* :func:`math.floor`
* :func:`math.copysign`
* :func:`math.fmod`
* :func:`math.modf`
* :func:`math.isnan`
* :func:`math.isinf`
* :func:`math.isfinite`


``operator``
------------

The following functions from the :mod:`operator` module are supported:

* :func:`operator.add`
* :func:`operator.and_`
* :func:`operator.eq`
* :func:`operator.floordiv`
* :func:`operator.ge`
* :func:`operator.gt`
* :func:`operator.iadd`
* :func:`operator.iand`
* :func:`operator.ifloordiv`
* :func:`operator.ilshift`
* :func:`operator.imod`
* :func:`operator.imul`
* :func:`operator.invert`
* :func:`operator.ior`
* :func:`operator.ipow`
* :func:`operator.irshift`
* :func:`operator.isub`
* :func:`operator.itruediv`
* :func:`operator.ixor`
* :func:`operator.le`
* :func:`operator.lshift`
* :func:`operator.lt`
* :func:`operator.mod`
* :func:`operator.mul`
* :func:`operator.ne`
* :func:`operator.neg`
* :func:`operator.not_`
* :func:`operator.or_`
* :func:`operator.pos`
* :func:`operator.pow`
* :func:`operator.rshift`
* :func:`operator.sub`
* :func:`operator.truediv`
* :func:`operator.xor`


Numpy support
=============

Due to the CUDA programming model, dynamic memory allocation inside a kernel is
inefficient and is often not needed.  Numba disallows any memory allocating features.
This disables a large number of NumPy APIs.  For best performance, users should write
code such that each thread is dealing with a single element at a time.

Supported numpy features:

* accessing `ndarray` attributes `.shape`, `.strides`, `.ndim`, `.size`, etc..
* scalar ufuncs that have equivalents in the `math` module; i.e. ``np.sin(x[0])``, where x is a 1D array.
* indexing and slicing works.

Unsupported numpy features:

* array creation APIs.
* array methods.
* functions that returns a new array.
