## Kokyu - A middleware framework for flexible scheduling and dispatching

Introduction
Strategized Scheduling framework
Flexible Dispatching Framework
Use of Kokyu within the TAO Real-time Event Channel(RTEC)
Configuration of RTEC to use Kokyu dispatching
Use of Kokyu within the Dynamic Scheduling Real-time CORBA (DSRTCORBA) schedulers
How to write a new DSRT scheduler using Kokyu
Kokyu DSRTCORBA vs Kokyu RTEC
Current status
Future work
Papers on Kokyu

### Introduction

Kokyu is a portable middleware scheduling framework designed to provide flexible scheduling and dispatching services within the context of higher-level middleware. Kokyu currently provides real-time scheduling and dispatching services for TAO�s real-time CORBA Event Service, which mediates supplier-consumer relationships between application operations. Kokyu consists primarily of two cooperating infrastructure segments, illustrated in Figure 1:

Figure 1: Kokyu Scheduling and Dispatching Infrastructure

1. A pluggable scheduling infrastructure with efficient support for adaptive execution of diverse static, dynamic, and hybrid static/dynamic scheduling heuristics.
2. A flexible dispatching infrastructure that allows composition of primitive operating system and middleware mechanisms to enforce arbitrary scheduling heuristics.

The scheduler is responsible for specifying how operation dispatch requests are ordered, by assigning priority levels and rates to tasks, and producing a configuration specification for the dispatching mechanism. The dispatcher is responsible for enforcing the ordering of operation dispatches using different threads, requests queues, and timers configured according to the scheduler�s specification. The combined framework provides an implicit projection of scheduling heuristics into appropriate dispatching infrastructure configurations, so that the scheduling and dispatching infrastructure segments can be optimized both separately and in combination.

### Strategized Scheduling framework

The Kokyu scheduling framework is designed to support a variety of scheduling heuristics including RMS, EDF, MLF, and MUF. In addition, this framework provides a common environment to compare systematically both existing and new scheduling strategies. This flexibility is achieved in the Kokyu framework via the Strategy pattern, which allows parts of the sequence of steps in an algorithm to be replaced, thus providing interchangeable variations within a consistent algorithmic framework. The Kokyu scheduling framework uses the Strategy pattern to encapsulate a family of scheduling algorithms within a fixed CORBA IDL interface, thereby enabling different strategies to be configured independently from applications that use them.

### Flexible Dispatching Framework

The right side of Figure 1 shows the essential features of Kokyu�s flexible task dispatching infrastructure. Key features of the dispatching infrastructure that are essential to performing our optimizations are as follows:

Dispatching queues: Each task is assigned by our strategized Kokyu scheduling framework to a specific dispatching queue, each of which has an associated queue number, a queueing discipline, and a unique operating-system-specific priority for its single associated dispatching thread.

Dispatching threads: Operating-system thread priorities decrease as the queue number increases, so that the 0th queue is served by the highest priority thread. Each dispatching thread removes the task from the head of its queue and runs its entry point function to completion before retrieving the next task to dispatch. Adapters can be applied to operations to intercept and possibly short-circuit the entry-point upcall. In general, however, the outermost operation entry point must complete on each dispatch.

Queueing disciplines: Dispatching thread priorities determine which queue is active at any given time: the highest priority queue with a task to dispatch is always active, preempting tasks in lower priority queues. In addition, each queue may have a distinct discipline for determining which of its enqueued tasks has the highest eligibility, and must ensure the highest is at the head of the queue at the point when one is to be dequeued. We consider three disciplines:

- Static � Tasks are ordered by a static subpriority value � results in FIFO ordering if all static subpriorities are made the same; static queues at different priority levels can be used to implement an RMS scheduling strategy.
- Deadline � Tasks are ordered by time to deadline; a single deadline queue can be used to implement the earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling strategy.
- Laxity � Tasks are ordered by slack time, or laxity � the time to deadline minus the execution time; a single laxity queue can be used to implement the minimum laxity first (MLF) scheduling strategy; laxity queues at different priority levels can be used to implement the maximum urgency first (MUF) scheduling strategy.

Any discipline for which a maximal eligibility may be selected can be employed to manage a given dispatching queue in this approach. Scheduling strategies can be constructed from one or more queues of each discipline alone, or combinations of queues with different disciplines can be used. Figure 2 illustrates the general queueing mechanism used by the dispatching modules in the Kokyu dispatching framework.

Figure 2: Example Queueing Mechanism in a Kokyu Dispatching Module

In addition, this figure shows how the output information provided by the Kokyu scheduling framework is used to configure and operate a dispatching module. During system initialization, each dispatching module obtains the thread priority and dispatching type for each of its queues, typically from the scheduling service�s output interface. Next, each queue is assigned a unique dispatching priority number, a unique thread priority, and an enumerated dispatching type. Finally, each dispatching module has an ordered queue of pending dispatches per dispatching priority. To preserve QoS guarantees, operations are inserted into the appropriate dispatching queue according to their assigned dispatching priority. Operations within a dispatching queue are ordered by their assigned dispatching subpriority. To minimize priority inversions, operations are dispatched from the queue with the highest thread priority, preempting any operation executing in a lower priority thread. To minimize preemption overhead, there is no preemption within a given priority queue. The following three values are defined for the dispatching type:

- STATIC DISPATCHING: This type specifies a queue that only considers the static portion of an operation�s dispatching subpriority.
- DEADLINE DISPATCHING: This type specifies a queue that considers the dynamic and static portions of an operation�s dispatching subpriority, and updates the dynamic portion according to the time remaining until the operation�s deadline.
- LAXITY DISPATCHING: This type specifies a queue that considers the dynamic and static portions of an operation�s dispatching subpriority, and updates the dynamic portion according to the operation�s laxity.

### Use of Kokyu within the TAO Real-time Event Channel(RTEC)

Figure 3 shows the sequence of operations that take place in the Kokyu based dispatching module in the TAO RTEC. The client application registers all relevant operations with the scheduler along with their real-time requirements. This is done through the concept of an RT_Info (see TAO/orbsvcs/orbsvcs/RtecScheduler.idl) structure which is a structure that contains the execution time, criticality, period, etc of an operation. The client then calls compute_schedule method on the scheduler. The scheduler creates a dependency graphs of all operations and partitions operations into equivalence classes based on the scheduling parameters supplied. The scheduler can be configured to have any scheduling policy which determines the equivalence class partitioning (queues) and possibly a partial ordering of operations within an equivalence class (ordering within a queue). Once this is done, the scheduler has the configuration information for the Kokyu dispatcher like the number of dispatch queues, priorities for the threads processing each queue, etc.

When the client calls activate on the event channel, the EC inturn activates the Kokyu based EC dispatching module. The EC dispatching module queries the dispatch configuration from the scheduler and uses that to create the Kokyu dispatcher with the appropriate number of lanes and threads. When an event is pushed into the EC, the EC pushes the event to the appropriate consumers, who are subscribed to that event. For each consumer, the EC queries the scheduler for the RT_Info of that consumer. It then hands over the event to the Kokyu based dispatching module. The dispatching module then enqueues the event into the appropriate queue for processing by the thread watching that queue.

Figure 3: Kokyu based dispatching module within TAO RTEC

### Configuration of RTEC to use Kokyu dispatching

Static configuration: In the svc.conf file, make sure you have the following configuration for Kokyu dispatching. You can combine this with other -ECxxx options.

static EC_Factory "-ECdispatching kokyu SCHED_FIFO -ECscheduling kokyu -ECfiltering kokyu"

To run the threads in the real-time FIFO class, use SCHED_FIFO. You could use SCHED_RR and SCHED_OTHER also.
The default is SCHED_FIFO.

In your program, call

TAO_EC_Kokyu_Factory::init_svcs ();

to statically create the EC Kokyu dispatching and other Kokyu related modules.

Dynamic configuration: In the svc.conf file, make sure you have the following configuration for Kokyu dispatching. You can combine this with other -ECxxx options.

dynamic EC_Factory Service_Object * TAO_RTKokyuEvent:_make_TAO_EC_Kokyu_Factory() "-ECdispatching kokyu -ECscheduling kokyu -ECfiltering kokyu"

### Use of Kokyu within the Dynamic Scheduling Real-time CORBA (DSRTCORBA) schedulers

An initial implementation of mechanisms to support DSRTCORBA schedulers have been released. DSRTCORBA uses the concept of distributed threads, which traverse multiple end systems giving the application the illusion of a single logical thread executing an end-to-end task. The distributed thread carries with it the scheduling parameters like importance, deadline, etc so that it can get scheduled by a local scheduler on each endsystem. The Kokyu DSRT dispatching framework is used as an enforcing mechanism.

The DSRT schedulers are available in the directory $TAO_ROOT/examples/Kokyu_dsrt_schedulers. They use the Kokyu DSRT
dispatching classes present in $ACE_ROOT/Kokyu. These act as wrappers/adapters around the Kokyu DSRT dispatcher. The Kokyu DSRT dispatcher is responsible for scheduling threads which ask the dispatcher to schedule themselves. Currently there are two implementations for the Kokyu DSRT dispatcher. One uses a condition-variable based approach for scheduling threads and the other manipulates priorities of threads and relies on the OS scheduler for dispatching the threads appropriately.

#### CV-based approach:

In this approach, it is assumed that the threads "yield" on a regular basis to the scheduler by calling `update_scheduling_segment`. Only one thread is running at any point in time. All the other threads are blocked on a condition variable. When the currently running thread yields, it will cause the condition variable to be signalled. All the eligible threads are stored in a scheduler queue (rbtree), the most eligible thread determined by the scheduling discipline. This approach has the drawback that it requires a cooperative threading model, where threads yield voluntarily on a regular basis. The application threads are responsible for doing this voluntary yielding.

#### OS-based approach:

This approach relies on the OS scheduler to do the actual thread dispatching. The Kokyu DSRT dispatcher manipulates the priorities of the threads. The scheduler maintains a queue (rbtree) of threads. The scheduler also has an executive thread, which runs at the maximum available priority. This thread runs in a continuous loop until the dispatcher is shut down. The executive thread is responsible for selecting the most eligible thread from the scheduler queue and bump up its priority if necessary while bumping down the priority of the currently running thread, if it is not the most eligible. There are four priority levels required for this mechanism to work, listed in descending order of priorities. For example, a thread running at Active priority will preempt a
thread running at Inactive priority level.

1. Executive priority - priority at which the scheduler executive thread runs.
2. Blocked priority - this is the priority to which threads about to block on remote calls will be bumped up to.
3. Active priority - this is the priority to which the most eligible thread is set to.
4. Inactive priority - this is the priority to which all threads except the most eligible thread is set to.

As soon as a thread asks to be scheduled, a wrapper object is created and inserted into the queue. This object carries the qos (sched params) associated with that thread. A condition variable is signalled to inform the executive thread that the queue is "dirty". The scheduler thread picks up the most eligble one and sets its priority to active and sets the currently running thread priority to
inactive.

The drawback to this approach is that it relies on the OS scheduler to dispatch the threads. Also, with the current implementation, there is only one thread running at active priority and others are all at inactive level. This will create undesirable effects with multi-processor systems, which could select any one of the inactive level threads and this could cause priority inversions.

### How to write a new DSRT scheduler using Kokyu

One can use one of the schedulers as a starting point. The variation points are

1. The scheduler parameters that need to be propagated along with the service context.
2. The QoS comparison function, that determines which thread is more eligible.

To aid (1), we have created a Svc_Ctxt_DSRT_QoS idl interface (see ./Kokyu_qos.pidl). This interface currently has the necessary things to be propagated for FP, MIF and MUF schedulers. This can be altered if necessary to accomodate new sched params. The idea here is to let the IDL compiler generate the marshalling code (including Any operators) so that these parameters can be shipped across in the service context in an encapsulated CDR.

To create customized QoS comparator functions, we used the idea of C++ traits to let the user define customized comparator functions. For example, the MIF scheduler uses the following traits class.

`struct MIF_Scheduler_Traits`
`{`
`typedef RTScheduling::Current::IdType Guid_t;`

`struct _QoSDescriptor_t`
`{`
`typedef long Importance_t;`
`Importance_t importance_;`
`};`

`typedef _QoSDescriptor_t QoSDescriptor_t;`

`typedef Kokyu::MIF_Comparator<QoSDescriptor_t> QoSComparator_t;`

`class _Guid_Hash`
`{`
`public:`
`u_long operator () (const Guid_t& id)`
`{`
`return ACE::hash_pjw ((const char *) id.get_buffer (),`
`id.length ());`
`}`
`};`

`typedef _Guid_Hash Guid_Hash;`
`};`

The idea of traits makes the Kokyu dispatcher more flexible in terms of creating new schedulers. For example, the Kokyu classes do not care about what concrete type Guid is. It could be an OctetSequence for some applications, whereas it could be an int for some others. The exact type is defined by the application (in this case, the MIF scheduler) using the traits class. In the above traits class the Guid's type is defined to be an octet sequence (indirectly). The Kokyu dispatcher expects the following typedef's to
be present in the traits class:

`Guid_t -` Type of GUID.
`QoSDescriptor_t -` aggregate for scheduler parameters
`QoSComparator_t -` used by the scheduler queue to determine most eligible item
`Guid_Hash -` used by the internal hash map in the scheduler to hash the guid.

It is also expected that the following operator be defined for comparing QoS parameters. This comparator function will be used by the scheduler queue to determine the most eligible item in the queue.

`QoSComparator_t::operator ()(const QoSDescriptor_t& qos1,`
`const QoSDescriptor_t& qos2)`

### Kokyu DSRTCORBA vs Kokyu RTEC

Currently we have separate interfaces for DSRTCORBA and RTEC dispatching mechanisms. Once we get more use cases and experience, there is a possibility of these getting merged in the future. The RTEC related dispatching interface is in `Kokyu::Dispatcher (Kokyu.h)` and DSRTCORBA related dispatching interface is in `Kokyu::DSRT_Dispatcher (Kokyu_dsrt.h)`

### Current status

Kokyu dispatching framework is available as a separate module under `ACE_wrappers/Kokyu` as part of the ACE/TAO distribution. Note that this module is not dependent on TAO, though it is built on top of ACE. The TAO Event Channel uses the Strategy and Service Configurator patterns to use configurable dispatching modules. A Kokyu based EC dispatching module is available in the `TAO/orbsvcs/orbsvcs/RTKokyuEvent` module. This module acts as an adapter between the Kokyu dispatcher and the RTEC.

Kokyu scheduling framework is available under the TAO source tree (`TAO/orbsvcs/orbsvcs/Sched`).

An example using the RTEC Kokyu dispatching module is available under `TAO/orbsvcs/examples/RtEC/Kokyu`.

### Future work

1. Currently there is no support for timers in the Kokyu dispatching module. We plan to do this in the near future.
2. It looks like there is a general structure to the different schedulers. May be this can be abstracted using templates or some similar mechanism.
3. Thread sched policy and sched scope are currently being passed explicitly from the application to the scheduler. This can be changed later to get this information from the ORB. This requires the usage of RTORB and the actual values can be set using svc.conf parameters for RT_ORB_Loader.
4. See whether the approaches could be extended to multiprocessor systems.

### Papers on Kokyu

1. Christopher D. Gill, Dissertation:Flexible Scheduling in Middleware for Distributed Rate-Based Real-Time Applications
2. Christopher D. Gill, David L. Levine, and Douglas C. Schmidt The Design and Performance of a Real-Time CORBA Scheduling Service, Real-Time Systems: the International Journal of Time-Critical Computing Systems, special issue on Real-Time Middleware, guest editor Wei Zhao, March 2001, Vol. 20 No. 2
3. Christopher D. Gill, Douglas C. Schmidt, and Ron Cytron, Multi-Paradigm Scheduling for Distributed Real-Time Embedded Computing, IEEE Proceedings Special Issue on Modeling and Design of Embedded Systems, Volume 91, Number 1, January 2003.