/*=========================================================================
 *
 *  Copyright NumFOCUS
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 *
 *=========================================================================*/
#ifndef itkMRFImageFilter_h
#define itkMRFImageFilter_h

#include "vnl/vnl_vector.h"
#include "vnl/vnl_matrix.h"

#include "itkImageClassifierBase.h"

#include "itkImageToImageFilter.h"

#include "itkConstNeighborhoodIterator.h"
#include "itkNeighborhoodAlgorithm.h"
#include "itkSize.h"
#include "ITKMarkovRandomFieldsClassifiersExport.h"

namespace itk
{
/** \class MRFImageFilterEnums
 * \brief Contains all enum classes in MRFImageFilter class;
 * \ingroup ITKMarkovRandomFieldsClassifiers
 */
class MRFImageFilterEnums
{
public:
  /**
   * \class MRFStop
   *  \ingroup ITKMarkovRandomFieldsClassifiers
   * Enum to get the stopping condition of the MRF filter
   */
  enum class MRFStop : uint8_t
  {
    MaximumNumberOfIterations = 1,
    ErrorTolerance
  };
};

// Define how to print enumeration
extern ITKMarkovRandomFieldsClassifiers_EXPORT std::ostream &
                                               operator<<(std::ostream & out, const MRFImageFilterEnums::MRFStop value);
/**
 * \class MRFImageFilter
 * \brief Implementation of a labeler object that uses Markov Random Fields
 * to classify pixels in an image data set.
 *
 * This object classifies pixels based on a Markov Random Field (MRF)
 * model. This implementation uses the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates
 * for modeling the MRF. The object traverses the data set and uses the model
 * generated by the Mahalanobis distance classifier to get the distance
 * between each pixel in the data set to a set of known classes, updates the
 * distances by evaluating the influence of its neighboring pixels (based
 * on a MRF model) and finally, classifies each pixel to the class
 * which has the minimum distance to that pixel (taking the neighborhood
 * influence under consideration). DoNeighborhoodOperation is the function
 * that can be modified to achieve different flavors of MRF filters in
 * derived classes.
 *
 * The classified initial labeled image is needed. It is important
 * that the number of expected classes be set before calling the
 * classifier. In our case we have used the ImageClassifier using a Gaussian
 * model to generate the initial labels. This classifier requires the user to
 * ensure that an appropriate membership function is provided. See the
 * documentation of the image classifier class for more information.
 *
 * The influence of a neighborhood on a given pixel's
 * classification (the MRF term) is computed by calculating a weighted
 * sum of number of class labels in a three dimensional neighborhood.
 * The basic idea of this neighborhood influence is that if a large
 * number of neighbors of a pixel are of one class, then the current
 * pixel is likely to be of the same class.
 *
 * The dimensions of the neighborhood are the same as the input image dimensions,
 * and values of the weighting parameters are either specified by the user or through
 * the beta matrix parameter. The default weighting table is generated during object
 * construction. The following table shows an example of a 3 x 3 x 3
 * neighborhood and the weighting values used. A 3 x 3 x 3 kernel
 * is used where each value is a nonnegative parameter, which encourages
 * neighbors to be of the same class. In this example, the influence of
 * the pixels in the same slice is assigned a weight 1.7.  The influence
 * of the pixels in the same location in the previous and next slice is
 * assigned a weight 1.5.  A weight of 1.3 is assigned to the influence of
 * the north, south, east, west, and diagonal pixels in the previous and next
 * slices.
 * \f[\begin{tabular}{ccc}
 *  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
 *   1.3 & 1.3 & 1.3 \\
 *   1.3 & 1.5 & 1.3 \\
 *   1.3 & 1.3 & 1.3 \\
 *  \end{tabular} &
 *  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
 *   1.7 & 1.7 & 1.7 \\
 *   1.7 & 0 & 1.7 \\
 *   1.7 & 1.7 & 1.7 \\
 *  \end{tabular} &
 *  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
 *   1.3 & 1.3 & 1.3 \\
 *   1.5 & 1.5 & 1.3 \\
 *   1.3 & 1.3 & 1.3 \\
 *  \end{tabular} \\
 * \end{tabular}\f]
 *
 * The user needs to set the neighborhood size using the SetNeighborhoodRadius
 * function. The details on the semantics of a neighborhood can be found
 * in the documentation associated with the itkNeighborhood and related
 * objects. NOTE: The size of the neighborhood must match the size of
 * the neighborhood weighting parameters set by the user.
 *
 * For minimization of the MRF labeling function the MinimizeFunctional
 * virtual method is called. For our current implementation we use
 * the iterated conditional modes (ICM) algorithm described by Besag in the
 * paper "On the Statistical Analysis of Dirty Pictures" in J. Royal Stat.
 * Soc. B, Vol. 48, 1986.
 *
 * In each iteration, the algorithm visits each pixel in turn and
 * determines whether to update its classification by computing the influence
 * of the classification of the pixel's neighbors and of the intensity data.
 * On each iteration after the first, we reexamine the classification of a
 * pixel only if the classification of some of its neighbors has changed
 * in the previous iteration. The pixels' classification is updated using a
 * synchronous scheme (iteration by iteration) until the error reaches
 * less than the threshold or the number of iteration exceed the maximum set
 * number of iterations. Note: The current implementation supports betaMatrix
 * default weight for two and three dimensional images only. The default for
 * higher dimension is set to unity. This should be overridden by custom
 * weights after filter initialization.
 *
 * \ingroup MRFFilters
 * \sa Neighborhood \sa ImageIterator \sa NeighborhoodIterator
 * \sa Classifier
 * \ingroup ITKMarkovRandomFieldsClassifiers
 */
template <typename TInputImage, typename TClassifiedImage>
class ITK_TEMPLATE_EXPORT MRFImageFilter : public ImageToImageFilter<TInputImage, TClassifiedImage>
{
public:
  ITK_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_MOVE(MRFImageFilter);

  /** Standard class type aliases. */
  using Self = MRFImageFilter;
  using Superclass = ImageToImageFilter<TInputImage, TClassifiedImage>;
  using Pointer = SmartPointer<Self>;
  using ConstPointer = SmartPointer<const Self>;
  using typename Superclass::OutputImagePointer;

  /** Method for creation through the object factory. */
  itkNewMacro(Self);

  /** \see LightObject::GetNameOfClass() */
  itkOverrideGetNameOfClassMacro(MRFImageFilter);

  /** Type definition for the input image. */
  using InputImageType = TInputImage;
  using InputImagePointer = typename TInputImage::Pointer;
  using InputImageConstPointer = typename TInputImage::ConstPointer;

  /** Type definition for the input image pixel type. */
  using InputImagePixelType = typename TInputImage::PixelType;

  /** Type definition for the input image region type. */
  using InputImageRegionType = typename TInputImage::RegionType;

  /** Type definition for the input image region iterator */
  using InputImageRegionIterator = ImageRegionIterator<TInputImage>;
  using InputImageRegionConstIterator = ImageRegionConstIterator<TInputImage>;

  /** Image dimension */
  static constexpr unsigned int InputImageDimension = TInputImage::ImageDimension;

  /** Type definitions for the training image. */
  using TrainingImagePointer = typename TClassifiedImage::Pointer;

  /** Type definitions for the training image pixel type. */
  using TrainingImagePixelType = typename TClassifiedImage::PixelType;

  /** Type definitions for the labelled image.
   * It is derived from the training image. */
  using LabelledImagePointer = typename TClassifiedImage::Pointer;

  /** Type definitions for the classified image pixel type.
   * It has to be the same type as the training image. */
  using LabelledImagePixelType = typename TClassifiedImage::PixelType;

  /** Type definitions for the classified image pixel type.
   * It has to be the same type as the training image. */
  using LabelledImageRegionType = typename TClassifiedImage::RegionType;

  /** Type definition for the classified image index type. */
  using LabelledImageIndexType = typename TClassifiedImage::IndexType;
  using IndexValueType = typename LabelledImageIndexType::IndexValueType;

  /** Type definition for the classified image offset type. */
  using LabelledImageOffsetType = typename TClassifiedImage::OffsetType;

  /** Type definition for the input image region iterator */
  using LabelledImageRegionIterator = ImageRegionIterator<TClassifiedImage>;

  /** Labelled Image dimension */
  static constexpr unsigned int ClassifiedImageDimension = TClassifiedImage::ImageDimension;

  /** Type definitions for classifier to be used for the MRF labeling. */
  using ClassifierType = ImageClassifierBase<TInputImage, TClassifiedImage>;

  /** Size and value type alias support */
  using SizeType = typename TInputImage::SizeType;

  /** Radius type alias support */
  using NeighborhoodRadiusType = typename TInputImage::SizeType;

  /** Input image neighborhood iterator and kernel size type alias */
  using InputImageNeighborhoodIterator = ConstNeighborhoodIterator<TInputImage>;

  using InputImageNeighborhoodRadiusType = typename InputImageNeighborhoodIterator::RadiusType;

  using InputImageFacesCalculator = NeighborhoodAlgorithm::ImageBoundaryFacesCalculator<TInputImage>;

  using InputImageFaceListType = typename InputImageFacesCalculator::FaceListType;

  using InputImageFaceListIterator = typename InputImageFaceListType::iterator;

  /** Labeled image neighborhood iterator type alias */
  using LabelledImageNeighborhoodIterator = NeighborhoodIterator<TClassifiedImage>;

  using LabelledImageNeighborhoodRadiusType = typename LabelledImageNeighborhoodIterator::RadiusType;

  using LabelledImageFacesCalculator = NeighborhoodAlgorithm::ImageBoundaryFacesCalculator<TClassifiedImage>;

  using LabelledImageFaceListType = typename LabelledImageFacesCalculator::FaceListType;

  using LabelledImageFaceListIterator = typename LabelledImageFaceListType::iterator;

  /** Set the pointer to the classifier being used. */
  void
  SetClassifier(typename ClassifierType::Pointer ptrToClassifier);

  /** Set/Get the number of classes. */
  itkSetMacro(NumberOfClasses, unsigned int);
  itkGetConstMacro(NumberOfClasses, unsigned int);

  /** Set/Get the number of iteration of the Iterated Conditional Mode
   * (ICM) algorithm. A default value is set at 50 iterations. */
  itkSetMacro(MaximumNumberOfIterations, unsigned int);
  itkGetConstMacro(MaximumNumberOfIterations, unsigned int);

  /** Set/Get the error tolerance level which is used as a threshold
   * to quit the iterations */
  itkSetMacro(ErrorTolerance, double);
  itkGetConstMacro(ErrorTolerance, double);

  /** Set/Get the degree of smoothing desired
   * */
  itkSetMacro(SmoothingFactor, double);
  itkGetConstMacro(SmoothingFactor, double);

  /** Set the neighborhood radius. */
  void
  SetNeighborhoodRadius(const NeighborhoodRadiusType &);

  /** Sets the radius for the neighborhood.
   *
   * Calculates size from the radius, and allocates storage.
   */
  void
  SetNeighborhoodRadius(const SizeValueType);

  void
  SetNeighborhoodRadius(const SizeValueType * radiusArray);

  /** Get the neighborhood radius */
  const NeighborhoodRadiusType
  GetNeighborhoodRadius() const
  {
    NeighborhoodRadiusType radius;

    for (int i = 0; i < InputImageDimension; ++i)
    {
      radius[i] = m_InputImageNeighborhoodRadius[i];
    }
    return radius;
  }

  /** Set the weighting parameters (used in MRF algorithms). This is a
   * function allowing the users to set the weight matrix by providing a
   * a 1D array of weights. The default implementation supports  a
   * 3 x 3 x 3 kernel. The labeler needs to be extended for a different
   * kernel size. */
  virtual void
  SetMRFNeighborhoodWeight(std::vector<double> betaMatrix);

  virtual std::vector<double>
  GetMRFNeighborhoodWeight()
  {
    return m_MRFNeighborhoodWeight;
  }

  using MRFStopEnum = MRFImageFilterEnums::MRFStop;
#if !defined(ITK_LEGACY_REMOVE)
  /** Backwards compatibility for enumerations */
  // We need to expose the enum values at the class level
  // for backwards compatibility
  static constexpr MRFStopEnum MaximumNumberOfIterations = MRFStopEnum::MaximumNumberOfIterations;
  static constexpr MRFStopEnum ErrorTolerance = MRFStopEnum::ErrorTolerance;
#endif

  /** Get condition that stops the MRF filter (Number of Iterations
   * / Error tolerance ) */
  itkGetConstReferenceMacro(StopCondition, MRFStopEnum);

  /* Get macro for number of iterations */
  itkGetConstReferenceMacro(NumberOfIterations, unsigned int);

#ifdef ITK_USE_CONCEPT_CHECKING
  // Begin concept checking
  itkConceptMacro(UnsignedIntConvertibleToClassifiedCheck,
                  (Concept::Convertible<unsigned int, LabelledImagePixelType>));
  itkConceptMacro(ClassifiedConvertibleToUnsignedIntCheck,
                  (Concept::Convertible<LabelledImagePixelType, unsigned int>));
  itkConceptMacro(ClassifiedConvertibleToIntCheck, (Concept::Convertible<LabelledImagePixelType, int>));
  itkConceptMacro(IntConvertibleToClassifiedCheck, (Concept::Convertible<int, LabelledImagePixelType>));
  itkConceptMacro(SameDimensionCheck, (Concept::SameDimension<InputImageDimension, ClassifiedImageDimension>));
  // End concept checking
#endif

protected:
  MRFImageFilter();
  ~MRFImageFilter() override = default;
  void
  PrintSelf(std::ostream & os, Indent indent) const override;

  /** Allocate memory for labelled images. */
  void
  Allocate();

  /** Apply MRF Classifier. In this example the images are labelled using
   * Iterated Conditional Mode algorithm by J. Besag, "On statistical
   * analysis of dirty pictures," J. Royal Stat. Soc. B, vol. 48,
   * pp. 259-302, 1986. */
  virtual void
  ApplyMRFImageFilter();

  /** Minimize the functional to be used. */
  virtual void
  MinimizeFunctional();

  using LabelStatusImageType = Image<int, Self::InputImageDimension>;
  using LabelStatusIndexType = typename LabelStatusImageType::IndexType;
  using LabelStatusRegionType = typename LabelStatusImageType::RegionType;
  using LabelStatusImagePointer = typename LabelStatusImageType::Pointer;
  using LabelStatusImageIterator = ImageRegionIterator<LabelStatusImageType>;

  /** Labelled status image neighborhood iterator type alias */
  using LabelStatusImageNeighborhoodIterator = NeighborhoodIterator<LabelStatusImageType>;

  /** Perform the MRF operation with each neighborhood. */
  virtual void
  DoNeighborhoodOperation(const InputImageNeighborhoodIterator & imageIter,
                          LabelledImageNeighborhoodIterator &    labelledIter,
                          LabelStatusImageNeighborhoodIterator & labelStatusIter);

  void
  GenerateData() override;

  void
  GenerateInputRequestedRegion() override;

  void
  EnlargeOutputRequestedRegion(DataObject *) override;

  void
  GenerateOutputInformation() override;

private:
  using InputImageSizeType = typename TInputImage::SizeType;

  using LabelStatusImageNeighborhoodRadiusType = typename LabelStatusImageNeighborhoodIterator::RadiusType;

  using LabelStatusImageFacesCalculator = NeighborhoodAlgorithm::ImageBoundaryFacesCalculator<LabelStatusImageType>;

  using LabelStatusImageFaceListType = typename LabelStatusImageFacesCalculator::FaceListType;

  using LabelStatusImageFaceListIterator = typename LabelStatusImageFaceListType::iterator;

  InputImageNeighborhoodRadiusType       m_InputImageNeighborhoodRadius{};
  LabelledImageNeighborhoodRadiusType    m_LabelledImageNeighborhoodRadius{};
  LabelStatusImageNeighborhoodRadiusType m_LabelStatusImageNeighborhoodRadius{};

  unsigned int m_NumberOfClasses{ 0 };
  unsigned int m_MaximumNumberOfIterations{ 50 };
  unsigned int m_KernelSize{};

  int          m_ErrorCounter{ 0 };
  int          m_NeighborhoodSize{ 27 };
  int          m_TotalNumberOfValidPixelsInOutputImage{ 1 };
  int          m_TotalNumberOfPixelsInInputImage{ 1 };
  double       m_ErrorTolerance{ 0.2 };
  double       m_SmoothingFactor{ 1 };
  double *     m_ClassProbability{ nullptr }; // Class likelihood
  unsigned int m_NumberOfIterations{ 0 };
  MRFStopEnum  m_StopCondition{ MRFStopEnum::MaximumNumberOfIterations };

  LabelStatusImagePointer m_LabelStatusImage{};

  std::vector<double> m_MRFNeighborhoodWeight{};
  std::vector<double> m_NeighborInfluence{};
  std::vector<double> m_MahalanobisDistance{};
  std::vector<double> m_DummyVector{};

  /** Pointer to the classifier to be used for the MRF labelling. */
  typename ClassifierType::Pointer m_ClassifierPtr{};

  /** Set/Get the weighting parameters (Beta Matrix). A default 3 x 3 x 3
   * matrix is provided. However, the user is allowed to override it
   * with their choice of weights for a 3 x 3 x 3 matrix. */
  virtual void
  SetDefaultMRFNeighborhoodWeight();

  /** Apply the ICM algorithm to label the images. */
  void
  ApplyICMLabeller();
}; // class MRFImageFilter
} // namespace itk

#ifndef ITK_MANUAL_INSTANTIATION
#  include "itkMRFImageFilter.hxx"
#endif

#endif
