# `geospatial`

This library provides a `geospatial_protocol` protocol and a `geospatial` object for common geographic computations over coordinates represented as `geographic(Latitude,Longitude)`. By default, distances are returned in kilometers.

## API documentation

Open the ../../apis/library_index.html#geospatial link in a web browser.

## Loading

To load all entities in this library, load the `loader.lgt` file:

    | ?- logtalk_load(geospatial(loader)).

## Testing

To test this library predicates, load the `tester.lgt` file:

    | ?- logtalk_load(geospatial(tester)).

## Available predicates

The library currently includes predicates for:

- Coordinate validation

- Coordinate normalization

- Point-to-point distances (`haversine` and `vincenty`)

- Rhumb-line distance, bearing, and destination predicates

- Rhumb-line interpolation and midpoint

- Generic distance dispatch (`distance/4` and `distance/5`)

- Initial and final bearings

- Midpoint and destination point computations

- Great-circle interpolation and track-distance

- Proximity checks and nearest coordinate search

- Mean center and coordinates bounding boxes

- Minimum enclosing circle

- Coordinates-to-bounding-box conversion

- Equirectangular projection and inverse

- Point-in-polygon checks

- Polygon area, polygon centroid, and polygon bounding boxes

- Polygon closure and orientation

- Polygon orientation normalization

- Polygon validity checks

- Bounding-box utilities

- Strict bounding-box overlap checks

- Bounding-box and polygon/polyline relation

- Nearest-point and point-to-polyline distance

- Polyline length and polygon perimeter

- Polyline simplification by tolerance

- Polyline split and resampling

- Polygon intersection checks

- Spherical bounding boxes

- Route distance accumulation (`route_distance/2`, `route_distance/3`, and `route_distance/4`)

For explicit units, predicates `distance/5` and `route_distance/4` support `kilometers`, `meters`, `miles`, and `nautical_miles`.

Generic metric dispatch accepts `rhumb` (and alias `loxodrome`) in addition to existing spherical and ellipsoidal metrics.

## Notes

The generic vector distance predicates already available in the `types` library (notably in the `listp` and `numberlistp` protocols) remain the recommended choice for non-geographic n-dimensional data.

## Usage

Load the library:

    | ?- logtalk_load(geospatial(loader)).

Validate a coordinate:

    | ?- geospatial::valid_coordinate(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393)).

Normalize coordinates and convert to/from local planar coordinates:

    | ?- geospatial::normalize_coordinate(geographic(95.0, 10.0), Normalized).
    | ?- geospatial::equirectangular_projection(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), 38.0, X, Y).
    | ?- geospatial::equirectangular_inverse(X, Y, 38.0, Coordinate).

Compute default distance in kilometers (Haversine):

    | ?- geospatial::distance(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), haversine, Distance).
    | ?- geospatial::rhumb_distance(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), Distance).
    | ?- geospatial::rhumb_bearing(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), Bearing).
    | ?- geospatial::rhumb_destination_point(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), 45.0, 50.0, Destination).
    | ?- geospatial::interpolate_rhumb(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), 0.5, Intermediate).
    | ?- geospatial::rhumb_midpoint(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), Midpoint).

Compute distance with explicit unit (`meters`, `miles`, or `nautical_miles`):

    | ?- geospatial::distance(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), vincenty, miles, Distance).

Compute route distance using the default metric (`haversine`) in kilometers:

    | ?- geospatial::route_distance([geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(39.7440, -8.8070), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291)], Distance).

Compute route distance with explicit metric and unit:

    | ?- geospatial::route_distance([geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(39.7440, -8.8070), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291)], vincenty, nautical_miles, Distance).

Compute midpoint and destination point:

    | ?- geospatial::midpoint(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), Midpoint).
    | ?- geospatial::destination_point(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), 45.0, 50.0, Destination).
    | ?- geospatial::interpolate_great_circle(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), 0.5, Intermediate).
    | ?- geospatial::cross_track_distance(geographic(40.0, -9.0), geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), CrossTrackKm).
    | ?- geospatial::along_track_distance(geographic(40.0, -9.0), geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), AlongTrackKm).

Compute final bearing and proximity checks:

    | ?- geospatial::final_bearing(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), Bearing).
    | ?- geospatial::within_distance(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), 300.0, haversine).

Find the nearest coordinate from a list:

    | ?- geospatial::nearest_coordinate(geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), [geographic(37.7749, -122.4194), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), geographic(40.4168, -3.7038)], vincenty, Nearest, Distance).

Compute center and coordinate-list bounding boxes:

    | ?- geospatial::mean_center([geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), geographic(40.4168, -3.7038)], Center).
    | ?- geospatial::minimum_enclosing_circle([geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), geographic(40.4168, -3.7038)], Center, Radius).
    | ?- geospatial::coordinates_bounding_box([geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), geographic(40.4168, -3.7038)], BoundingBox).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_from_coordinates([geographic(38.7223, -9.1393), geographic(41.1579, -8.6291), geographic(40.4168, -3.7038)], BoundingBox).

Work with polygons:

    | ?- geospatial::point_in_polygon(geographic(0.5, 0.5), [geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)]).
    | ?- geospatial::polygon_area([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)], Area).
    | ?- geospatial::polygon_centroid([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)], Centroid).
    | ?- geospatial::polygon_bounding_box([geographic(1.0, -2.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(-1.0, -1.0)], BoundingBox).
    | ?- geospatial::close_polygon([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)], ClosedPolygon).
    | ?- geospatial::polygon_orientation([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0)], Orientation).
    | ?- geospatial::is_clockwise_polygon([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0)]).
    | ?- geospatial::normalize_polygon_orientation([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)], clockwise, Oriented).
    | ?- geospatial::clockwise_polygon([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)], Clockwise).
    | ?- geospatial::counterclockwise_polygon([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0)], Counterclockwise).
    | ?- geospatial::is_valid_polygon([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)]).

Work with bounding boxes:

    | ?- geospatial::bbox_contains(bbox(geographic(-1.0, -1.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0)), geographic(0.5, 0.5)).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_contains(bbox(geographic(-1.0, 170.0), geographic(1.0, -170.0)), bbox(geographic(-0.5, 175.0), geographic(0.5, -175.0))).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_intersects(bbox(geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0)), bbox(geographic(0.5, 0.5), geographic(2.0, 2.0))).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_overlaps(bbox(geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0)), bbox(geographic(0.5, 0.5), geographic(2.0, 2.0))).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_intersects_polygon(bbox(geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0)), [geographic(0.5, 0.5), geographic(0.5, 1.5), geographic(1.5, 1.5), geographic(1.5, 0.5)]).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_contains_polygon(bbox(geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(2.0, 2.0)), [geographic(0.5, 0.5), geographic(0.5, 1.5), geographic(1.5, 1.5), geographic(1.5, 0.5)]).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_intersects_polyline(bbox(geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0)), [geographic(-1.0, 0.5), geographic(2.0, 0.5)]).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_union(bbox(geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0)), bbox(geographic(-1.0, 0.5), geographic(0.5, 2.0)), BoundingBox).
    | ?- geospatial::bbox_expand(bbox(geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 0.0)), 111.195, ExpandedBoundingBox).

Compute nearest points and distances to paths:

    | ?- geospatial::nearest_point_on_segment(geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 2.0), Nearest).
    | ?- geospatial::nearest_point_on_polyline(geographic(1.0, 1.0), [geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 2.0), geographic(2.0, 2.0)], Nearest, Distance).
    | ?- geospatial::point_to_polyline_distance(geographic(1.0, 1.0), [geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 2.0)], Distance).

Compute polyline and polygon lengths:

    | ?- geospatial::polyline_length([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(0.0, 2.0)], Length).
    | ?- geospatial::polyline_length([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0)], vincenty, Length).
    | ?- geospatial::polyline_simplify([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.5, 0.1), geographic(1.0, 0.0)], 20.0, Simplified).
    | ?- geospatial::polyline_split_at_distance([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(0.0, 2.0)], 111.195, Left, Right).
    | ?- geospatial::polyline_resample([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(0.0, 2.0)], 50.0, Resampled).
    | ?- geospatial::polygon_perimeter([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 0.0)], Perimeter).

Check polygon intersections:

    | ?- geospatial::polygons_intersect([geographic(0.0, 0.0), geographic(0.0, 2.0), geographic(2.0, 2.0), geographic(2.0, 0.0)], [geographic(1.0, 1.0), geographic(1.0, 3.0), geographic(3.0, 3.0), geographic(3.0, 1.0)]).