- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- RETURN VALUES
- HISTORY
- COPYRIGHT

# NAME

OPENSSL_malloc_init, OPENSSL_malloc, OPENSSL_aligned_alloc, OPENSSL_zalloc, OPENSSL_realloc, OPENSSL_malloc_array, OPENSSL_aligned_alloc_array, OPENSSL_calloc, OPENSSL_realloc_array, OPENSSL_free, OPENSSL_clear_realloc, OPENSSL_clear_realloc_array, OPENSSL_clear_free, OPENSSL_cleanse, CRYPTO_malloc, CRYPTO_aligned_alloc, CRYPTO_zalloc, CRYPTO_malloc_array, CRYPTO_aligned_alloc_array, CRYPTO_calloc, CRYPTO_realloc, CRYPTO_realloc_array, CRYPTO_free, OPENSSL_strdup, OPENSSL_strndup, OPENSSL_memdup, OPENSSL_strlcpy, OPENSSL_strlcat, OPENSSL_strtoul, CRYPTO_strdup, CRYPTO_strndup, OPENSSL_mem_debug_push, OPENSSL_mem_debug_pop, CRYPTO_mem_debug_push, CRYPTO_mem_debug_pop, CRYPTO_clear_realloc, CRYPTO_clear_realloc_array, CRYPTO_clear_free, CRYPTO_malloc_fn, CRYPTO_realloc_fn, CRYPTO_free_fn, CRYPTO_get_mem_functions, CRYPTO_set_mem_functions, CRYPTO_get_alloc_counts, CRYPTO_set_mem_debug, CRYPTO_mem_ctrl, CRYPTO_mem_leaks, CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp, CRYPTO_mem_leaks_cb, OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES, OPENSSL_MALLOC_FD, OPENSSL_MALLOC_SEED - Memory allocation functions

# SYNOPSIS

     #include <openssl/crypto.h>

     int OPENSSL_malloc_init(void);

     void *OPENSSL_malloc(size_t num);
     void *OPENSSL_aligned_alloc(size_t num, size_t alignment, void **freeptr);
     void *OPENSSL_zalloc(size_t num);
     void *OPENSSL_realloc(void *addr, size_t num);
     void *OPENSSL_malloc_array(size_t num, size_t size);
     void *OPENSSL_aligned_alloc_array(size_t num, size_t size, size_t alignment,
                                       void **freeptr);
     void *OPENSSL_calloc(size_t num, size_t size);
     void *OPENSSL_realloc_array(void *addr, size_t num, size_t size);
     void OPENSSL_free(void *addr);
     char *OPENSSL_strdup(const char *str);
     char *OPENSSL_strndup(const char *str, size_t s);
     size_t OPENSSL_strlcat(char *dst, const char *src, size_t size);
     size_t OPENSSL_strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t size);
     int OPENSSL_strtoul(char *src, char **endptr, int base, unsigned long *num);
     void *OPENSSL_memdup(void *data, size_t s);
     void *OPENSSL_clear_realloc(void *p, size_t old_len, size_t num);
     void *OPENSSL_clear_realloc_array(void *p, size_t old_len, size_t num,
                                       size_t size);
     void OPENSSL_clear_free(void *str, size_t num);
     void OPENSSL_cleanse(void *ptr, size_t len);

     void *CRYPTO_malloc(size_t num, const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_aligned_alloc(size_t num, size_t align, void **freeptr,
                                const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_zalloc(size_t num, const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_realloc(void *p, size_t num, const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_malloc_array(size_t num, size_t size, const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_aligned_alloc_array(size_t num, size_t size, size_t align,
                                      void **freeptr, const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_calloc(size_t num, size_t size, const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_realloc_array(void *p, size_t num, size_t size,
                                const char *file, int line);
     void CRYPTO_free(void *str, const char *file, int line);
     char *CRYPTO_strdup(const char *p, const char *file, int line);
     char *CRYPTO_strndup(const char *p, size_t num, const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_clear_realloc(void *p, size_t old_len, size_t num,
                                const char *file, int line);
     void *CRYPTO_clear_realloc_array(void *p, size_t old_len, size_t num,
                                      size_t size, const char *file, int line);
     void CRYPTO_clear_free(void *str, size_t num, const char *file, int line);

     typedef void *(*CRYPTO_malloc_fn)(size_t num, const char *file, int line);
     typedef void *(*CRYPTO_realloc_fn)(void *addr, size_t num, const char *file,
                                        int line);
     typedef void (*CRYPTO_free_fn)(void *addr, const char *file, int line);
     void CRYPTO_get_mem_functions(CRYPTO_malloc_fn *malloc_fn,
                                   CRYPTO_realloc_fn *realloc_fn,
                                   CRYPTO_free_fn *free_fn);
     int CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(CRYPTO_malloc_fn malloc_fn,
                                  CRYPTO_realloc_fn realloc_fn,
                                  CRYPTO_free_fn free_fn);

     void CRYPTO_get_alloc_counts(int *mcount, int *rcount, int *fcount);

     env OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES=... <application>
     env OPENSSL_MALLOC_FD=... <application>
     env OPENSSL_MALLOC_SEED=... <application>

The following functions have been deprecated since OpenSSL 3.0, and can be hidden entirely by defining OPENSSL_API_COMPAT with a suitable version value, see openssl_user_macros(7):

     int CRYPTO_mem_leaks(BIO *b);
     int CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp(FILE *fp);
     int CRYPTO_mem_leaks_cb(int (*cb)(const char *str, size_t len, void *u),
                             void *u);

     int CRYPTO_set_mem_debug(int onoff);
     int CRYPTO_mem_ctrl(int mode);
     int OPENSSL_mem_debug_push(const char *info);
     int OPENSSL_mem_debug_pop(void);
     int CRYPTO_mem_debug_push(const char *info, const char *file, int line);
     int CRYPTO_mem_debug_pop(void);

# DESCRIPTION

OpenSSL memory allocation is handled by the OPENSSL_xxx API. These are generally macro's that add the standard C __FILE__ and __LINE__ parameters and call a lower-level CRYPTO_xxx API. Some functions do not add those parameters, but exist for consistency.

OPENSSL_malloc_init() does nothing and does not need to be called. It is included for compatibility with older versions of OpenSSL.

OPENSSL_malloc(), OPENSSL_realloc(), and OPENSSL_free() are like the C malloc(), realloc(), and free() functions. OPENSSL_zalloc() calls memset() to zero the memory before returning.

OPENSSL_aligned_alloc() operates just as OPENSSL_malloc() does, but it allows for the caller to specify an alignment value, for instances in which the default alignment of malloc is insufficient for the caller's needs. Note, the alignment value must be a power of 2, and the size specified must be a multiple of the alignment. NOTES:

- The call to OPENSSL_aligned_alloc() accepts a 3rd argument, freeptr which must point to a void pointer. On some platforms, there is no available library call to obtain memory allocations with alignment greater than what malloc provides. In this case, OPENSSL_aligned_alloc() implements its own alignment routine, allocating additional memory and offsetting the returned pointer to be on the requested alignment boundary. In order to safely free allocations made by this method, the caller must return the value in the freeptr variable, rather than the returned pointer.

- The call to OPENSSL_aligned_alloc() may fail for reasons other than memory exhaustion, depending on the underlying implementation, and, most notably, OpenSSL library's build configuration: for example, it always returns `NULL` without setting any error if OpenSSL is built with `OPENSSL_SMALL_FOOTPRINT` macro defined. Consequently, caller may need to fall back to a non-aligned memory allocation (and open-code the alignment routine if the alignment is a requirement).

OPENSSL_clear_realloc() and OPENSSL_clear_free() should be used when the buffer at addr holds sensitive information. The old buffer is filled with zero's by calling OPENSSL_cleanse() before ultimately calling OPENSSL_free(). If the argument to OPENSSL_free() is NULL, nothing is done.

OPENSSL_malloc_array(), OPENSSL_calloc(), OPENSSL_aligned_alloc_array(), OPENSSL_realloc_array(), and OPENSSL_clear_realloc_array() are variants of OPENSSL_malloc(), OPENSSL_zalloc(), OPENSSL_aligned_alloc(), OPENSSL_realloc(), and OPENSSL_clear_realloc(), respectively, that accept an additional parameter, size, which enables memory allocation operations for an array of num members size bytes each; these functions return an error if multiplication of num and size leads to an integer overflow, thus preventing allocations of an incorrect size.

OPENSSL_cleanse() fills ptr of size len with a string of 0's. It is useful in cases when it is needed to ensure that memory (that contains sensitive information) is overwritten (for example, before it is reclaimed, or when it is stored on stack), and such operation is not optimised out by compiler optimisations such as dead store elimination (as memset(3) may be). Use OPENSSL_cleanse() with care if the memory is a mapping of a file. If the storage controller uses write compression, then it's possible that sensitive tail bytes will survive zeroization because the block of zeros will be compressed. If the storage controller uses wear leveling, then the old sensitive data will not be overwritten; rather, a block of 0's will be written at a new physical location.

OPENSSL_strdup(), OPENSSL_strndup() and OPENSSL_memdup() are like the equivalent C functions, except that memory is allocated by calling the OPENSSL_malloc() and should be released by calling OPENSSL_free().

OPENSSL_strlcpy(), OPENSSL_strlcat() and OPENSSL_strnlen() are equivalents of the common C library functions and are provided for portability.

OPENSSL_strtoul() is a wrapper around the POSIX function strtoul, with the same behaviors listed in the POSIX documentation, with the additional behavior that it validates the input str and num parameters for not being NULL, and confirms that at least a single byte of input has been consumed in the translation, returning an error in the event that no bytes were consumed.

If no allocations have been done, it is possible to "swap out" the default implementations for OPENSSL_malloc(), OPENSSL_realloc() and OPENSSL_free() and replace them with alternate versions. CRYPTO_get_mem_functions() function fills in the given arguments with the function pointers for the current implementations. With CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(), you can specify a different set of functions. If any of malloc_fn, realloc_fn, or free_fn are NULL, then the function is not changed. While it's permitted to swap out only a few and not all the functions with CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(), it's recommended to swap them all out at once.

If the library is built with the `crypto-mdebug` option, then one function, CRYPTO_get_alloc_counts(), and three additional environment variables, OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES, OPENSSL_MALLOC_FD, and OPENSSL_MALLOC_SEED, are available.

The function CRYPTO_get_alloc_counts() fills in the number of times each of CRYPTO_malloc(), CRYPTO_realloc(), and CRYPTO_free() have been called, into the values pointed to by mcount, rcount, and fcount, respectively. If a pointer is NULL, then the corresponding count is not stored.

The variable OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES controls how often allocations should fail. It is a set of fields separated by semicolons, which each field is a count (defaulting to zero) and an optional atsign and percentage (interpreted as a floating point number that is rounded up to two decimal digits of precision, defaulting to 100). If the count is zero, then it lasts forever. For example, `100;@0.258` or `100@0;0@0.258` means the first 100 allocations pass, then all other allocations (until the program exits or crashes) have a 0.26% chance of failing, with random(3) used as a source of randomness. The length of the value of OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES must be 256 or fewer characters.

If the variable OPENSSL_MALLOC_FD is parsed as a positive integer, then it is taken as an open file descriptor. This is used in conjunction with OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES described above. For every allocation it will log details about how many allocations there have been so far, what percentage chance there is for this allocation failing, and whether it has actually failed. The following example in classic shell syntax shows how to use this (will not work on all platforms):

      OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES='200;@10'
      export OPENSSL_MALLOC_FAILURES
      OPENSSL_MALLOC_FD=3
      export OPENSSL_MALLOC_FD
      ...app invocation... 3>/tmp/log$$

If the environment variable OPENSSL_MALLOC_SEED is set, its value is interpreted as an integer using atoi(3) and supplied to the srandom(3) call for the random number generator initialisation.

# RETURN VALUES

OPENSSL_malloc_init(), OPENSSL_free(), OPENSSL_clear_free() CRYPTO_free(), CRYPTO_clear_free() and CRYPTO_get_mem_functions() return no value.

OPENSSL_malloc(), OPENSSL_aligned_alloc(), OPENSSL_zalloc(), OPENSSL_realloc(), OPENSSL_malloc_array(), OPENSSL_aligned_alloc_array(), OPENSSL_calloc(), OPENSSL_realloc_array(), OPENSSL_clear_realloc(), OPENSSL_clear_realloc_array(), CRYPTO_malloc(), CRYPTO_zalloc(), CRYPTO_realloc(), CRYPTO_malloc_array(), CRYPTO_calloc(), CRYPTO_realloc_array(), CRYPTO_clear_realloc(), CRYPTO_clear_realloc_array(), OPENSSL_strdup(), and OPENSSL_strndup() return a pointer to allocated memory or NULL on error.

OPENSSL_aligned_alloc() and OPENSSL_aligned_alloc_array() set freeptr to NULL on error.

CRYPTO_set_mem_functions() returns 1 on success or 0 on failure (almost always because allocations have already happened).

CRYPTO_mem_leaks(), CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp(), CRYPTO_mem_leaks_cb(), CRYPTO_set_mem_debug(), and CRYPTO_mem_ctrl() are deprecated and are no-ops that always return -1. OPENSSL_mem_debug_push(), OPENSSL_mem_debug_pop(), CRYPTO_mem_debug_push(), and CRYPTO_mem_debug_pop() are deprecated and are no-ops that always return 0.

OPENSSL_strtoul() returns 1 on success and 0 in the event that an error has occurred. Specifically, 0 is returned in the following events:

- If the underlying call to strtoul returned a non zero errno value

- If the translation did not consume the entire input string, and the passed endptr value was NULL

- If no characters were consumed in the translation

Note that a success condition does not imply that the expected translation has been performed. For instance calling

        OPENSSL_strtoul("0x12345", &endptr, 10, &num);

will result in a successful translation with num having the value 0, and *endptr = 'x'. Be sure to validate how much data was consumed when calling this function.

# HISTORY

OPENSSL_mem_debug_push(), OPENSSL_mem_debug_pop(), CRYPTO_mem_debug_push(), CRYPTO_mem_debug_pop(), CRYPTO_mem_leaks(), CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp(), CRYPTO_mem_leaks_cb(), CRYPTO_set_mem_debug(), CRYPTO_mem_ctrl() were deprecated in OpenSSL 3.0. The memory-leak checking has been deprecated in OpenSSL 3.0 in favor of clang's memory and leak sanitizer. OPENSSL_aligned_alloc(), CRYPTO_aligned_alloc(), OPENSSL_strtoul() were added in OpenSSL 3.4. OPENSSL_malloc_array(), OPENSSL_calloc(), OPENSSL_aligned_alloc_array(), OPENSSL_realloc_array(), OPENSSL_clear_realloc_array(), CRYPTO_malloc_array(), CRYPTO_calloc(), CRYPTO_aligned_alloc_array(), CRYPTO_realloc_array(), CRYPTO_clear_realloc_array() were added in OpenSSL 3.6.

# COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2016-2025 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html.