Chapter 2. Small Office Networking
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## Chapter 2. Small Office Networking

“No-Frills Samba Servers” focused on the basics of simple yet effective network solutions. Network administrators who take pride in their work (that's most of us, right?) take care to deliver what our users want, but not too much more. If we make things too complex, we confound our users and increase costs of network ownership. A professional network manager avoids the temptation to put too much pizazz into the way that the network operates. Some creativity is helpful, but keep it under control good advice that the following two scenarios illustrate.

In one case the network administrator of a mid-sized company spent three months building a new network to replace an old Netware server. What he delivered had all the bells and whistles he could muster. There were a few teething problems during the changeover, nothing serious but a little disruptive all the same. Users were exposed to many changes at once. The network administrator was asked to resign two months after implementing the new system because so many staff complained they had lost time and were not happy with the new network. Everything was automated, and he delivered more features than any advanced user could think of. He was just too smart for his own good.

In the case of the other company, a new network manager was appointed to oversee the replacement of a LanTastic network with an MS Windows NT 4.0 network. He had the replacement installed and operational within two weeks. Before installation and changeover, he called a meeting to explain to all users what was going to happen, how it would affect them, and that he would be available 24 hours a day to help them transition. One week after conversion, he held another meeting asking for cooperation in the introduction of a few new features that would help to make life easier. Network users were thrilled with the help he provided. The network he implemented was nowhere near as complex as in the first example, had fewer features, and yet he had happy users. Months later he was still adding new innovations. He always asked the users if a particular feature was what they wanted. He asked his boss for a raise and got it. He often told me, “Always keep a few new tricks up your sleeves for when you need them.” Was he smart? You decide. Let's get on with our next exercise.

## Introduction

Abmas Accounting has grown. Mr. Meany likes you and says he knew you were the right person for the job. That's why he asked you to install the new server. The past few months have been hard work. You advised Mr. Meany that it is time for a change. Abmas now has 52 users, having acquired an investment consulting business recently. The new users were added to the network without any problems.

Some of the Windows clients are nearly past their use-by date. You found damaged and unusable software on some of the workstations that came with the acquired business and found some machines in need of both hardware and software maintenance.

### Assignment Tasks

Mr. Meany is retiring in 12 months. Before he goes, he wants you to help ensure that the business is running efficiently. Many of the new staff want notebook computers. They visit customer business premises and need to use local network facilities; these users are technically competent. The company uses a business application that requires Windows XP Professional. In short, a complete client upgrade is about to happen. Mr. Meany told you that he is working on another business acquisition and that by the time he retires there will be 80 to 100 users.

Mr. Meany is not concerned about security. He wants to make it easier for staff to do their work. He has hired you to help him appoint a full-time network manager before he retires. Above all, he says he is investing in the ability to grow. He is determined to live his lifelong dream and hand the business over to a bright and capable executive who can make things happen. This means your network design must cope well with growth.

In a few months, Abmas will require an Internet connection for email and so that staff can easily obtain software updates. Mr. Meany is warming up to the installation of antivirus software but is not yet ready to approve this expense. He told you to spend the money a virus scanner costs on better quality notebook computers for mobile users.

One of Mr. Meany's golfing partners convinced him to buy new laser printers, one black only, the other a color laser printer. Staff support the need for a color printer so they can present more attractive proposals and reports.

Mr. Meany also asked if it would be possible for one of the staff to manage user accounts from the Windows desktop. That person will be responsible for basic operations.

## Dissection and Discussion

What are the key requirements in this business example? A quick review indicates a need for

- Scalability, from 52 to over 100 users in 12 months

- Mobile computing capability

- Improved reliability and usability

- Easier administration

In this instance the installed Linux system is assumed to be a Red Hat Linux Fedora Core2 server (as in “Accounting Office”).

### Technical Issues

It is time to implement a domain security environment. You will use the `smbpasswd` (default) backend. You should implement a DHCP server. There is no need to run DNS at this time, but the system will use WINS. The domain name will be `BILLMORE`. This time, the name of the server will be `SLEETH`.

All printers will be configured as DHCP clients. The DHCP server will assign the printer a fixed IP address by way of its Ethernet interface (MAC) address. See “Abmas Accounting DHCP Server Configuration File /etc/dhcpd.conf”.

### Note

The `smb.conf` file you are creating in this exercise can be used with equal effectiveness with Samba-2.2.x series releases. This is deliberate so that in the next chapter it is possible to start with the installation that you have created here, migrate it to a Samba-3 configuration, and then secure the system further. Configurations following this one utilize features that may not be supported in Samba-2.2.x releases. However, you should note that the examples in each chapter start with the assumption that a fresh new installation is being effected.

Later on, when the Internet connection is implemented, you will add DNS as well as other enhancements. It is important that you plan accordingly.

You have split the network into two separate areas. Each has its own Ethernet switch. There are 20 users on the accounting network and 32 users on the financial services network. The server has two network interfaces, one serving each network. The network printers will be located in a central area. You plan to install the new printers and keep the old printer in use also.

You will provide separate file storage areas for each business entity. The old system will go away, accounting files will be handled under a single directory, and files will be stored under customer name, not under a personal work area. Staff will be made responsible for file location, so the old share point must be maintained.

Given that DNS will not be used, you will configure WINS name resolution for UNIX hostname name resolution.

It is necessary to map Windows Domain Groups to UNIX groups. It is advisable to also map Windows Local Groups to UNIX groups. Additionally, the two key staff groups in the firm are accounting staff and financial services staff. For these, it is necessary to create UNIX groups as well as Windows Domain Groups.

In the sample `smb.conf` file, you have configured Samba to call the UNIX `groupadd` to add group entries. This utility does not permit the addition of group names that contain uppercase characters or spaces. This is considered a bug. The `groupadd` is part of the `shadow-utils` open source software package. A later release of this package may have been patched to resolve this bug. If your operating platform has this bug, it means that attempts to add a Windows Domain Group that has either a space or uppercase characters in it will fail. See TOSHARG2, Chapter 11, Section 11.3.1, Example 11.1, for more information.

Vendor-supplied printer drivers will be installed on each client. The CUPS print spooler on the UNIX host will be operated in `raw` mode.

### Political Issues

Mr. Meany is an old-school manager. He sets the rules and wants to see compliance. He is willing to spend money on things he believes are of value. You need more time to convince him of real priorities.

Go ahead, buy better notebooks. Wouldn't it be neat if they happened to be supplied with antivirus software? Above all, demonstrate good purchase value and remember to make your users happy.

## Implementation

In this example, the assumption is made that this server is being configured from a clean start. The alternate approach could be to demonstrate the migration of the system that is documented in “Implementation” to meet the new requirements. The decision to treat this case, as with future examples, as a new installation is based on the premise that you can determine the migration steps from the information provided in “Migrating NT4 Domain to Samba-3”. Additionally, a fresh installation makes the example easier to follow.

Each user will be given a home directory on the UNIX system, which will be available as a private share. Two additional shares will be created, one for the accounting department and the other for the financial services department. Network users will be given access to these shares by way of group membership.

UNIX group membership is the primary mechanism by which Windows Domain users will be granted rights and privileges within the Windows environment.

The user `alanm` will be made the owner of all files. This will be preserved by setting the sticky bit (set UID/GID) on the top-level directories.

Figure 2.1. Abmas Accounting 52-User Network Topology

Procedure 2.1. Server Installation Steps

1. Using UNIX/Linux system tools, name the server `sleeth`.

2. Place an entry for the machine `sleeth` in the `/etc/hosts`. The printers are network attached, so there should be entries for the network printers also. An example `/etc/hosts` file is shown here:

       192.168.1.1     sleeth sleeth1
       192.168.2.1     sleeth2
       192.168.1.10    hplj6
       192.168.1.11    hplj4
       192.168.2.10    qms

3. Install the Samba-3 binary RPM from the Samba-Team FTP site.

4. Install the ISC DHCP server using the UNIX/Linux system tools available to you.

5. Because Samba will be operating over two network interfaces and clients on each side may want to be able to reach clients on the other side, it is imperative that IP forwarding is enabled. Use the system tool of your choice to enable IP forwarding. In the absence of such a tool on the Linux system, add to the `/etc/rc.d/rc.local` file an entry as follows:

       echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

   This causes the Linux kernel to forward IP packets so that it acts as a router.

6. Install the `smb.conf` file as shown in “Accounting Office Network smb.conf File [globals] Section” and “Accounting Office Network smb.conf File Services and Shares Section”. Combine these two examples to form a single `/etc/samba/smb.conf` file.

7. Add the user `root` to the Samba password backend:

       root#  smbpasswd -a root
       New SMB password: XXXXXXX
       Retype new SMB password: XXXXXXX
       root#

   This is the Windows Domain Administrator password. Never delete this account from the password backend after Windows Domain Groups have been initialized. If you delete this account, your system is crippled. You cannot restore this account, and your Samba server can no longer be administered.

8. Create the username map file to permit the `root` account to be called `Administrator` from the Windows network environment. To do this, create the file `/etc/samba/smbusers` with the following contents:

       ####
       # User mapping file
       ####
       # File Format
       # -----------
       # Unix_ID = Windows_ID
       #
       # Examples:
       # root = Administrator
       # janes = "Jane Smith"
       # jimbo = Jim Bones
       #
       # Note: If the name contains a space it must be double quoted.
       #       In the example above the name 'jimbo' will be mapped to Windows
       #       user names 'Jim' and 'Bones' because the space was not quoted.
       #######################################################################
       root = Administrator
       ####
       # End of File
       ####

9. Create and map Windows Domain Groups to UNIX groups. A sample script is provided in “Script to Map Windows NT Groups to UNIX Groups”. Create a file containing this script. We called ours `/etc/samba/initGrps.sh`. Set this file so it can be executed, and then execute the script. Sample output should be as follows:

   Example 2.1. Script to Map Windows NT Groups to UNIX Groups

       #!/bin/bash
       #
       # initGrps.sh
       #

       # Create UNIX groups
       groupadd acctsdep
       groupadd finsrvcs

       # Map Windows Domain Groups to UNIX groups
       net groupmap add ntgroup="Domain Admins"  unixgroup=root type=d
       net groupmap add ntgroup="Domain Users"   unixgroup=users type=d
       net groupmap add ntgroup="Domain Guests"  unixgroup=nobody type=d

       # Add Functional Domain Groups
       net groupmap add ntgroup="Accounts Dept"  unixgroup=acctsdep type=d
       net groupmap add ntgroup="Financial Services" unixgroup=finsrvcs type=d

       root#  chmod 755 initGrps.sh
       root#  cd /etc/samba
       root#  ./initGrps.sh
       Updated mapping entry for Domain Admins
       Updated mapping entry for Domain Users
       Updated mapping entry for Domain Guests
       No rid or sid specified, choosing algorithmic mapping
       Successfully added group Accounts Dept to the mapping db
       No rid or sid specified, choosing algorithmic mapping
       Successfully added group Domain Guests to the mapping db

       root#  cd /etc/samba
       root#  net groupmap list | sort
       Account Operators (S-1-5-32-548) -> -1
       Accounts Dept (S-1-5-21-194350-25496802-3394589-2003) -> acctsdep
       Administrators (S-1-5-32-544) -> -1
       Backup Operators (S-1-5-32-551) -> -1
       Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-194350-25496802-3394589-512) -> root
       Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-194350-25496802-3394589-514) -> nobody
       Domain Users (S-1-5-21-194350-25496802-3394589-513) -> users
       Financial Services (S-1-5-21-194350-25496802-3394589-2005) -> finsrvcs
       Guests (S-1-5-32-546) -> -1
       Power Users (S-1-5-32-547) -> -1
       Print Operators (S-1-5-32-550) -> -1
       Replicators (S-1-5-32-552) -> -1
       System Operators (S-1-5-32-549) -> -1
       Users (S-1-5-32-545) -> -1

10. For each user who needs to be given a Windows Domain account, make an entry in the `/etc/passwd` file as well as in the Samba password backend. Use the system tool of your choice to create the UNIX system accounts, and use the Samba `smbpasswd` program to create the Domain user accounts.

    There are a number of tools for user management under UNIX, such as `useradd` and `adduser`, as well as a plethora of custom tools. With the tool of your choice, create a home directory for each user.

11. Using the preferred tool for your UNIX system, add each user to the UNIX groups created previously, as necessary. File system access control will be based on UNIX group membership.

12. Create the directory mount point for the disk subsystem that is mounted to provide data storage for company files. In this case the mount point is indicated in the `smb.conf` file is `/data`. Format the file system as required, mount the formatted file system partition using `mount`, and make the appropriate changes in `/etc/fstab`.

13. Create the top-level file storage directories are follows:

        root#  mkdir -p /data/{accounts,finsvcs}
        root#  chown -R root:root /data
        root#  chown -R alanm:acctsdep /data/accounts
        root#  chown -R alanm:finsrvcs /data/finsrvcs
        root#  chmod -R ug+rwx,o+rx-w /data

    Each department is responsible for creating its own directory structure within its share. The directory root of the `accounts` share is `/data/accounts`. The directory root of the `finsvcs` share is `/data/finsvcs`.

14. Configure the printers with the IP addresses as shown in “Abmas Accounting 52-User Network Topology”. Follow the instructions in the manufacturers' manuals to permit printing to port 9100. This allows the CUPS spooler to print using raw mode protocols.

15. Configure the CUPS Print Queues as follows:

        root#  lpadmin -p hplj4 -v socket://192.168.1.11:9100 -E
        root#  lpadmin -p hplj6 -v socket://192.168.1.10:9100 -E
        root#  lpadmin -p qms -v socket://192.168.2.10:9100 -E

    This creates the necessary print queues with no assigned print filter.

16. Edit the file `/etc/cups/mime.convs` to uncomment the line:

        application/octet-stream     application/vnd.cups-raw      0     -

17. Edit the file `/etc/cups/mime.types` to uncomment the line:

        application/octet-stream

18. Using your favorite system editor, create an `/etc/dhcpd.conf` with the contents as shown in “Abmas Accounting DHCP Server Configuration File /etc/dhcpd.conf”.

    Example 2.2. Abmas Accounting DHCP Server Configuration File `/etc/dhcpd.conf`

        default-lease-time 86400;
        max-lease-time 172800;
        default-lease-time 86400;

        option ntp-servers 192.168.1.1;
        option domain-name "abmas.biz";
        option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1, 192.168.2.1;
        option netbios-name-servers 192.168.1.1, 192.168.2.1;
        option netbios-node-type 8;
        ### NOTE ###
        # netbios-node-type=8 means set clients to Hybrid Mode
        #   so they will use Unicast communication with the WINS
        #   server and thus reduce the level of UDP broadcast
        #   traffic by up to 90%.
        ############

        subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        	range dynamic-bootp 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.254;
        	option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
        	option routers 192.168.1.1;
        	allow unknown-clients;
        	host hplj4 {
        		hardware ethernet 08:00:46:7a:35:e4;
        		fixed-address 192.168.1.10;
        		}
        	host hplj6 {
        		hardware ethernet 00:03:47:cb:81:e0;
        		fixed-address 192.168.1.11;
        		}
        	}
        subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        	range dynamic-bootp 192.168.2.128 192.168.2.254;
        	option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
        	option routers 192.168.2.1;
        	allow unknown-clients;
        	host qms {
        		hardware ethernet 01:04:31:db:e1:c0;
        		fixed-address 192.168.1.10;
        		}
        	}
        subnet 127.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 {
        	}

19. Use the standard system tool to start Samba and CUPS and configure them to start automatically at every system reboot. For example,

        root#  chkconfig dhcp on
        root#  chkconfig smb on
        root#  chkconfig cups on
        root#  /etc/rc.d/init.d/dhcp restart
        root#  /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb restart
        root#  /etc/rc.d/init.d/cups restart

20. Configure the name service switch (NSS) to handle WINS-based name resolution. Since this system does not use a DNS server, it is safe to remove this option from the NSS configuration. Edit the `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file so that the `hosts:` entry looks like this:

        hosts:	files wins

Example 2.3. Accounting Office Network `smb.conf` File [globals] Section

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`workgroup = BILLMORE`
`passwd chat = *New*Password* %n\n*Re-enter*new*password* %n\n *Password*changed*`
`username map = /etc/samba/smbusers`
`syslog = 0`
`name resolve order = wins bcast hosts`
`printcap name = CUPS`
`show add printer wizard = No`
`add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -m -G users '%u'`
`delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel -r '%u'`
`add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd '%g'`
`delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel '%g'`
`add user to group script = /usr/sbin/usermod -A '%g' '%u'`
`add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -s /bin/false -d /var/lib/nobody '%u'`
`logon script = scripts\login.bat`
`logon path =`
`logon drive = X:`
`domain logons = Yes`
`preferred master = Yes`
`wins support = Yes`
`printing = CUPS`

Example 2.4. Accounting Office Network `smb.conf` File Services and Shares Section

`[homes]`
`comment = Home Directories`
`valid users = %S`
`read only = No`
`browseable = No`
`[printers]`
`comment = SMB Print Spool`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`printable = Yes`
`guest ok = Yes`
`use client driver = Yes`
`browseable = No`
`[netlogon]`
`comment = Network Logon Service`
`path = /data/%U`
`valid users = %S`
`read only = No`
`[accounts]`
`comment = Accounting Files`
`path = /data/accounts`
`valid users = %G`
`read only = No`
`[finsrvcs]`
`comment = Financial Service Files`
`path = /data/finsrvcs`
`valid users = %G`
`read only = No`

### Validation

Does everything function as it ought? That is the key question at this point. Here are some simple steps to validate your Samba server configuration.

Procedure 2.2. Validation Steps

1. If your `smb.conf` file has bogus options or parameters, this may cause Samba to refuse to start. The first step should always be to validate the contents of this file by running:

       root#  testparm -s
       Load smb config files from smb.conf
       Processing section "[homes]"
       Processing section "[printers]"
       Processing section "[netlogon]"
       Processing section "[accounts]"
       Processing section "[service]"
       Loaded services file OK.
       # Global parameters
       [global]
               workgroup = BILLMORE
               passwd chat = *New*Password* \
       		%n\n *Re-enter*new*password* %n\n *Password*changed*
               username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
               syslog = 0
               name resolve order = wins bcast hosts
               printcap name = CUPS
               show add printer wizard = No
               add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -m -G users '%u'
               delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel -r '%u'
               add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd '%g'
               delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel '%g'
               add user to group script = /usr/sbin/usermod -A '%g' '%u'
               add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd
       				-s /bin/false -d /var/lib/nobody '%u'
               logon script = scripts\logon.bat
               logon path =
               logon drive = X:
               domain logons = Yes
               preferred master = Yes
               wins support = Yes
       ...
       ### Remainder cut to save space ###

   The inclusion of an invalid parameter (say one called dogbert) would generate an error as follows:

       Unknown parameter encountered: "dogbert"
       Ignoring unknown parameter "dogbert"

   Clear away all errors before proceeding, and start or restart samba as necessary.

2. Check that the Samba server is running:

       root#  ps ax | grep mbd
       14244 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D
       14245 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D
       14290 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D

       $rootprompt; ps ax | grep winbind
       14293 ?        S     0:00 /usr/sbin/winbindd -D
       14295 ?        S     0:00 /usr/sbin/winbindd -D

   The `winbindd` daemon is running in split mode (normal), so there are also two instances of it. For more information regarding `winbindd`, see TOSHARG2, Chapter 23, Section 23.3. The single instance of `smbd` is normal.

3. Check that an anonymous connection can be made to the Samba server:

       root#  smbclient -L localhost -U%

               Sharename      Type      Comment
               ---------      ----      -------
               netlogon       Disk      Network Logon Service
               accounts       Disk      Accounting Files
               finsvcs        Disk      Financial Service Files
               IPC$           IPC       IPC Service (Samba3)
               ADMIN$         IPC       IPC Service (Samba3)
               hplj4          Printer   Hewlett-Packard LaserJet 4
               hplj6          Printer   Hewlett-Packard LaserJet 6
               qms            Printer   QMS Magicolor Laser Printer XXXX

               Server               Comment
               ---------            -------
               SLEETH               Samba 3.0.20

               Workgroup            Master
               ---------            -------
               BILLMORE             SLEETH

   This demonstrates that an anonymous listing of shares can be obtained. This is the equivalent of browsing the server from a Windows client to obtain a list of shares on the server. The `-U%` argument means to send a `NULL` username and a `NULL` password.

4. Verify that the printers have the IP addresses assigned in the DHCP server configuration file. The easiest way to do this is to ping the printer name. Immediately after the ping response has been received, execute `arp -a` to find the MAC address of the printer that has responded. Now you can compare the IP address and the MAC address of the printer with the configuration information in the `/etc/dhcpd.conf` file. They should, of course, match. For example,

       root#  ping hplj4
       PING hplj4 (192.168.1.11) 56(84) bytes of data.
       64 bytes from hplj4 (192.168.1.11): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.113 ms

       root#  arp -a
       hplj4 (192.168.1.11) at 08:00:46:7A:35:E4 [ether] on eth0

   The MAC address `08:00:46:7A:35:E4` matches that specified for the IP address from which the printer has responded and the entry for it in the `/etc/dhcpd.conf` file.

5. Make an authenticated connection to the server using the `smbclient` tool:

       root#  smbclient //sleeth/accounts -U alanm
       Password: XXXXXXX
       smb: \> dir
         .                          D        0  Sun Nov  9 01:28:34 2003
         ..                         D        0  Sat Aug 16 17:24:26 2003
         .mc                       DH        0  Sat Nov  8 21:57:38 2003
         .qt                       DH        0  Fri Sep  5 00:48:25 2003
         SMB                        D        0  Sun Oct 19 23:04:30 2003
         Documents                  D        0  Sat Nov  1 00:31:51 2003
         xpsp1a_en_x86.exe           131170400  Sun Nov  2 01:25:44 2003

                  65387 blocks of size 65536. 28590 blocks available
       smb: \> q

Procedure 2.3. Windows XP Professional Client Configuration

1. Configure clients to the network settings shown in “Abmas Accounting 52-User Network Topology”. All clients use DHCP for TCP/IP protocol stack configuration. DHCP configures all Windows clients to use the WINS Server address `192.168.1.1`.

2. Join the Windows Domain called `BILLMORE`. Use the Domain Administrator username `root` and the SMB password you assigned to this account. A detailed step-by-step procedure for joining a Windows 200x/XP Professional client to a Windows Domain is given in “A Collection of Useful Tidbits”, “Joining a Domain: Windows 200x/XP Professional”. Reboot the machine as prompted and then log on using a Domain User account.

3. Verify on each client that the machine called `SLEETH` is visible in My Network Places, that it is possible to connect to it and see the shares accounts and finsvcs, and that it is possible to open that share to reveal its contents.

4. Instruct all users to log onto the workstation using their assigned username and password.

5. Install a printer on each using the following steps:

   1. Click Start → Settings → Printers+Add Printer+Next. Do not click Network printer. Ensure that Local printer is selected.

   2. Click Next. In the Manufacturer: panel, select `HP`. In the Printers: panel, select the printer called `HP LaserJet 4`. Click Next.

   3. In the Available ports: panel, select `FILE:`. Accept the default printer name by clicking Next. When asked, “Would you like to print a test page?”, click No. Click Finish.

   4. You may be prompted for the name of a file to print to. If so, close the dialog panel. Right-click HP LaserJet 4 → Properties → Details (Tab) → Add Port.

   5. In the Network panel, enter the name of the print queue on the Samba server as follows: `\\SERVER\hplj4`. Click OK+OK to complete the installation.

   6. Repeat the printer installation steps above for the HP LaserJet 6 printer as well as for the QMS Magicolor XXXX laser printer.

### Notebook Computers: A Special Case

As a network administrator, you already know how to create local machine accounts for Windows 200x/XP Professional systems. This is the preferred solution to provide continuity of work for notebook users so that absence from the office network environment does not become a barrier to productivity.

By creating a local machine account that has the same username and password as you create for that user in the Windows Domain environment, the user can log onto the machine locally and still transparently access network resources as if logged onto the domain itself. There are some trade-offs that mean that as the network is more tightly secured, it becomes necessary to modify Windows client configuration somewhat.

### Key Points Learned

In this network design and implementation exercise, you created a Windows NT4-style Domain Controller using Samba-3.0.20. Following these guidelines, you experienced and implemented several important aspects of Windows networking. In the next chapter, you build on the experience. These are the highlights from this chapter:

- You implemented a DHCP server, and Microsoft Windows clients were able to obtain all necessary network configuration settings from this server.

- You created a Windows Domain Controller. You were able to use the network logon service and successfully joined Windows 200x/XP Professional clients to the Domain.

- You created raw print queues in the CUPS printing system. You maintained a simple printing system so that all users can share centrally managed printers. You installed native printer drivers on the Windows clients.

- You experienced the benefits of centrally managed user accounts on the server.

- You offered Mobile notebook users a solution that allows them to continue to work while away from the office and not connected to the corporate network.

## Questions and Answers

Your new Domain Controller is ready to serve you. What does it mean? Here are some questions and answers that may help.

1. What is the key benefit of using DHCP to configure Windows client TCP/IP stacks?
2. Are there any DHCP server configuration parameters in the /etc/dhcpd.conf that should be noted in particular?
3. Is it possible to create a Windows Domain account that is specifically called Administrator?
4. Why is it necessary to give the Windows Domain Administrator a UNIX UID of 0?
5. One of my junior staff needs the ability to add machines to the Domain, but I do not want to give him root access. How can we do this?
6. Why must I map Windows Domain Groups to UNIX groups?
7. I deleted my root account and now I cannot add it back! What can I do?
8. When I run net groupmap list, it reports a group called Administrators as well as Domain Admins. What is the difference between them?
9. What is the effect of changing the name of a Samba server or of changing the Domain name?
10. How can I manage user accounts from my Windows XP Professional workstation?

1. | What is the key benefit of using DHCP to configure Windows client TCP/IP stacks?

First and foremost, portability. It means that notebook users can move between the Abmas office and client offices (so long as they, too, use DHCP) without having to manually reconfigure their machines. It also means that when they work from their home environments either using DHCP assigned addressing or when using dial-up networking, settings such as default routes and DNS server addresses that apply only to the Abmas office environment do not interfere with remote operations. This is an extremely important feature of DHCP.

2. | Are there any DHCP server configuration parameters in the `/etc/dhcpd.conf` that should be noted in particular?

Yes. The configuration you created automatically provides each client with the IP address of your WINS server. It also configures the client to preferentially register NetBIOS names with the WINS server, and then instructs the client to first query the WINS server when a NetBIOS machine name needs to be resolved to an IP Address. This configuration results in far lower UDP broadcast traffic than would be the case if WINS was not used.

3. | Is it possible to create a Windows Domain account that is specifically called `Administrator`?
| You can surely create a Windows Domain account called `Administrator`. It is also possible to map that account so that it has the effective UNIX UID of 0. This way it isn't necessary to use the `username map` facility to map this account to the UNIX account called `root`.
4. | Why is it necessary to give the Windows Domain `Administrator` a UNIX UID of 0?

The Windows Domain `Administrator` account is the most privileged account that exists on the Windows platform. This user can change any setting, add, delete, or modify user accounts, and completely reconfigure the system. The equivalent to this account in the UNIX environment is the `root` account. If you want to permit the Windows Domain Administrator to manage accounts as well as permissions, privileges, and security settings within the Domain and on the Samba server, equivalent rights must be assigned. This is achieved with the `root` UID equal to 0.

5. | One of my junior staff needs the ability to add machines to the Domain, but I do not want to give him `root` access. How can we do this?
| Users who are members of the `Domain Admins` group can add machines to the Domain. This group is mapped to the UNIX group account called `root` (or the equivalent `wheel` on some UNIX systems) that has a GID of 0. This must be the primary GID of the account of the user who is a member of the Windows `Domain Admins` account.
6. | Why must I map Windows Domain Groups to UNIX groups?
| Samba-3 does not permit a Domain Group to become visible to Domain network clients unless the account has a UNIX group account equivalent. The Domain groups that should be given UNIX equivalents are Domain Guests, Domain Users, and Domain Admins.
7. | I deleted my `root` account and now I cannot add it back! What can I do?

This is a nasty problem. Fortunately, there is a solution.

1. Back up your existing configuration files in case you need to restore them.

2. Rename the `group_mapping.tdb` file.

3. Use the `smbpasswd` to add the root account.

4. Restore the `group_mapping.tdb` file.

8. | When I run `net groupmap list`, it reports a group called Administrators as well as Domain Admins. What is the difference between them?
| The group called Administrators is representative of the same account that would be present as the Local Group account on a Domain Member server or workstation. Samba uses only Domain Groups at this time. A Workstation or Server Local Group has no meaning in a Samba context. This may change at some later date. These accounts are provided only so that security objects are correctly shown.
9. | What is the effect of changing the name of a Samba server or of changing the Domain name?

If you elect to change the name of the Samba server, on restarting `smbd`, Windows security identifiers are changed. In the case of a standalone server or a Domain Member server, the machine SID is changed. This may break Domain membership. In the case of a change of the Domain name (Workgroup name), the Domain SID is changed. This affects all Domain memberships.

If it becomes necessary to change either the server name or the Domain name, be sure to back up the respective SID before the change is made. You can back up the SID using the `net getlocalsid` (Samba-3) or the `smbpasswd` (Samba-2.2.x). To change the SID, you use the same tool. Be sure to check the man page for this command for detailed instructions regarding the steps involved.

10. | How can I manage user accounts from my Windows XP Professional workstation?

Samba-3 implements a Windows NT4-style security domain architecture. This type of Domain cannot be managed using tools present on a Windows XP Professional installation. You may download from the Microsoft Web site the SRVTOOLS.EXE package. Extract it into the directory from which you wish to use it. This package extracts the tools: `User Manager for Domains`, `Server Manager`, and `Event Viewer`. You may use the User Manager for Domains to manage your Samba-3 Domain user and group accounts. Of course, you do need to be logged on as the `Administrator` for the Samba-3 Domain. It may help to log on as the `root` account.

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