- NAME
- DESCRIPTION
- BASIC DOCUMENTATION
  - perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
  - perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1998/07/20
  - perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.14 $, $Date:
  - perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.24 $,
  - perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: 1998/07/16
  - perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.25 $, $Date: 1998/07/16
  - perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.24 $, $Date: 1998/07/05
  - perlfaq6 - Regexps ($Revision: 1.22 $, $Date: 1998/07/16 14:01:07 $)
  - perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.21 $, $Date:
  - perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.25 $, $Date: 1998/07/05
  - perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.20 $, $Date: 1998/06/22 18:31:09
  - perldelta - what's new for perl5.005
  - perldata - Perl data types
  - perlsyn - Perl syntax
  - perlop - Perl operators and precedence
  - perlre - Perl regular expressions
  - perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
  - perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
  - perlvar - Perl predefined variables
  - perlsub - Perl subroutines
  - perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
  - perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
  - perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
  - perlform - Perl formats
  - perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
  - perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
  - perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
  - perllol, perlLoL - Manipulating Lists of Lists in Perl
  - perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
  - perlobj - Perl objects
  - perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
  - perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
  - perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
  - perldebug - Perl debugging
  - perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
  - perlsec - Perl security
  - perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
  - perlport - Writing portable Perl
  - perlstyle - Perl style guide
  - perlpod - plain old documentation
  - perlbook - Perl book information
  - perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
  - perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
  - perlxs - XS language reference manual
  - perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for XSUBs
  - perlguts - Perl's Internal Functions
  - perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
  - perlhist - the Perl history records
- PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
  - attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine
  - re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
  - autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
  - base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
  - blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
  - constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
  - diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
  - fields - compile-time class fields
  - integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
  - less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
  - lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
  - locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
  - overload - Package for overloading perl operations
  - sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
  - strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
  - subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
  - vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names
- MODULE DOCUMENTATION
  - AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
  - AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
  - AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
  - B - The Perl Compiler
  - B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
  - B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
  - B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
  - B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
  - B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
  - B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
  - B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
  - B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
  - B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
  - B::Lint - Perl lint
  - B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
  - B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
  - B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
  - B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
  - B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
  - Benchmark - benchmark running times of code
  - CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
  - CGI::Apache - Make things work with CGI.pm against Perl-Apache API
  - CGI::Carp, <STRONG>CGI::Carp</STRONG> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
  - CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
  - CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
  - CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
  - CGI::Switch - Try more than one constructors and return the first
  - CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
  - CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
  - CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
  - Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
  - Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
  - Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
  - DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
  - Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
  - Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
  - DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
  - English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
  - Env - perl module that imports environment variables
  - Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
  - ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
  - ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
  - ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
  - ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
  - ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
  - ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
  - ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
  - ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
  - ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
  - ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
  - ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
  - ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
  - ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
  - ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
  - ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
  - Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
  - Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
  - File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
  - File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
  - File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
  - File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
  - File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
  - File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
  - File::Path - create or remove a series of directories
  - File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
  - File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
  - File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
  - File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
  - File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
  - File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
  - File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
  - FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
  - FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
  - FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
  - GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
  - Getopt::Long, GetOptions - extended processing of command line
  - Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
  - I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
  - IO - load various IO modules
  - IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
  - IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
  - IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::pipe - supply object methods for pipes
  - IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
  - IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
  - IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
  - IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
  - IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
  - IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
  - IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
  - IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
  - Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
  - Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
  - Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
  - Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
  - NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
  - Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
  - Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
  - Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
  - Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
  - Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
  - ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
  - Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
  - Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
  - Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
  - POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
  - Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
  - Pod::Text - convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
  - SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
  - Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
  - SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
  - SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
  - Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
  - Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
  - Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
  - Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
  - Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
  - Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
  - Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
  - Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various <A HREF="#item_readline">readline</A> packages. If
  - Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
  - Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
  - Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
  - Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
  - Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
  - Text::Tabs - expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
  - Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
  - Thread - multithreading
  - Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
  - Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
  - Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
  - Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
  - Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
  - Tie::Handle - base class definitions for tied handles
  - Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
  - Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
  - Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
  - Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
  - Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
  - Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
  - Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
  - Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
  - UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
  - User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
  - User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
- AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
- AUTHOR

# NAME

perltoc - perl documentation table of contents

# DESCRIPTION

This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped through to locate the proper section you're looking for.

# BASIC DOCUMENTATION

## perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  Many usability enhancements, Simplified grammar, Lexical scoping, Arbitrarily nested data structures, Modularity and reusability, Object-oriented programming, Embeddable and Extensible, POSIX compliant, Package constructors and destructors, Multiple simultaneous DBM implementations, Subroutine definitions may now be autoloaded, Regular expression enhancements, Innumerable Unbundled Modules, Compilability

ENVIRONMENT
AUTHOR
FILES
SEE ALSO
DIAGNOSTICS
BUGS
NOTES

  ## perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1998/07/20 23:12:17 $)

DESCRIPTION

  perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, the perlfaq1 manpage: General Questions About Perl, the perlfaq2 manpage: Obtaining and Learning about Perl, the perlfaq3 manpage: Programming Tools, the perlfaq4 manpage: Data Manipulation, the perlfaq5 manpage: Files and Formats, the perlfaq6 manpage: Regexps, the perlfaq7 manpage: General Perl Language Issues, the perlfaq8 manpage: System Interaction, the perlfaq9 manpage: Networking

  Where to get this document
  How to contribute to this document
  What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the authors
Credits
Author and Copyright Information
  Bundled Distributions
  Disclaimer
Changes

  24/April/97, 23/April/97, 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97

  ## perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.14 $, $Date: 1998/06/14 22:15:25 $)

DESCRIPTION
  What is Perl?
  Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
  Which version of Perl should I use?
  What are perl4 and perl5?
  How stable is Perl?
  Is Perl difficult to learn?
  How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?
  Can I do [task] in Perl?
  When shouldn't I program in Perl?
  What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
  Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
  What is a JAPH?
  Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
  How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version (5/5.004/Perl instead of some other language)?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.24 $, $Date: 1998/07/20 23:40:28 $)

DESCRIPTION
  What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
  How can I get a binary version of Perl?
  I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
  I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.
  I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
  What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?
  Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
  Where can I get information on Perl?
  What are the Perl newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?
  Where should I post source code?
  Perl Books

    References, Tutorials `*Learning` Perl [2nd edition] by Randal L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen, Task-Oriented, Special Topics

  Perl in Magazines
  Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
  What mailing lists are there for perl?

    MacPerl, Perl5-Porters, NTPerl, Perl-Packrats

  Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
  Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
  Where do I send bug reports?
  What is perl.com? perl.org? The Perl Institute?
  How do I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: 1998/07/16 22:08:49 $)

DESCRIPTION
  How do I do (anything)?
  How can I use Perl interactively?
  Is there a Perl shell?
  How do I debug my Perl programs?
  How do I profile my Perl programs?
  How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
  Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
  Is there a ctags for Perl?
  Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
  Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
  How can I use curses with Perl?
  How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
  How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
  What is undump?
  How can I make my Perl program run faster?
  How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
  Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
  How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
  How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
  How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
  How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
  How can I get #!perl to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
  Can I write useful perl programs on the command line?
  Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
  Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
  Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
  Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
  I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?
  When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it mean?
  What's MakeMaker?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.25 $, $Date: 1998/07/16 22:49:55 $)

DESCRIPTION
Data: Numbers
  Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
  Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
  Does perl have a round function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?
  How do I convert bits into ints?
  How do I multiply matrices?
  How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
  How can I output Roman numerals?
  Why aren't my random numbers random?
Data: Dates
  How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
  How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
  How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
  How can I find the Julian Day?
  Does Perl have a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
Data: Strings
  How do I validate input?
  How do I unescape a string?
  How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
  How do I expand function calls in a string?
  How do I find matching/nesting anything?
  How do I reverse a string?
  How do I expand tabs in a string?
  How do I reformat a paragraph?
  How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
  How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
  How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?
  How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
  How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files)
  How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
  How do I extract selected columns from a string?
  How do I find the soundex value of a string?
  How can I expand variables in text strings?
  What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
  Why don't my <<HERE documents work?

    1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of the tag

Data: Arrays
  What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
  How can I extract just the unique elements of an array?

    a) If `@in` is sorted, and you want `@out` to be sorted:(this assumes all true values in the array), b) If you don't know whether `@in` is sorted:, c) Like (b), but `@in` contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but `@in` contains only small positive integers:

  How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
  How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the intersection of two arrays?
  How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
  How do I handle linked lists?
  How do I handle circular lists?
  How do I shuffle an array randomly?
  How do I process/modify each element of an array?
  How do I select a random element from an array?
  How do I permute N elements of a list?
  How do I sort an array by (anything)?
  How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
  Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
  How do I process an entire hash?
  What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?
  How do I look up a hash element by value?
  How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
  How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
  How can I always keep my hash sorted?
  What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
  Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
  How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
  How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
  How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
  How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
  Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?
  How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays?
  How can I use a reference as a hash key?
Data: Misc
  How do I handle binary data correctly?
  How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
  How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
  How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
  How do I define methods for every class/object?
  How do I verify a credit card checksum?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.24 $, $Date: 1998/07/05 15:07:20 $)

DESCRIPTION
  How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
  How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
  How do I count the number of lines in a file?
  How do I make a temporary file name?
  How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
  How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
  How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
  How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
  How can I write() into a string?
  How can I output my numbers with commas added?
  How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
  How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
  Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
  Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
  How can I open a file with a leading "gt" or trailing blanks?
  How can I reliably rename a file?
  How can I lock a file?
  What can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
  I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?
  How do I randomly update a binary file?
  How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
  How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
  How do I print to more than one file at once?
  How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
  How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
  How can I tell if there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
  How do I do a tail -f in perl?
  How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
  How do I close a file descriptor by number?
  Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
  Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
  Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -i clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
  How do I select a random line from a file?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq6 - Regexps ($Revision: 1.22 $, $Date: 1998/07/16 14:01:07 $)

DESCRIPTION
  How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and unmaintainable code?

    Comments Outside the Regexp, Comments Inside the Regexp, Different Delimiters

  I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
  How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on different lines?
  I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
  How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?
  How can I make \w match national character sets?
  How can I match a locale-smart version of /[a-zA-Z]/?
  How can I quote a variable to use in a regexp?
  What is /o really for?
  How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?
  Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
  What does it mean that regexps are greedy? How can I get around it?
  How do I process each word on each line?
  How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
  How can I do approximate matching?
  How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
  Why don't word-boundary searches with \b work for me?
  Why does using $&amp;, $`, or $' slow my program down?
  What good is \G in a regular expression?
  Are Perl regexps DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
  What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
  How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.21 $, $Date: 1998/06/22 15:20:07 $)

DESCRIPTION
  Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
  What are all these $@%* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them?
  Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and commas?
  How do I skip some return values?
  How do I temporarily block warnings?
  What's an extension?
  Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
  How do I declare/create a structure?
  How do I create a module?
  How do I create a class?
  How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
  What's a closure?
  What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
  How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regexp}?

    Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexps, Passing Methods

  How do I create a static variable?
  What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between local() and my()?
  How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope?
  What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
  Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
  How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
  What's the difference between calling a function as &amp;foo and foo()?
  How do I create a switch or case statement?
  How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
  Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
  How can I find out my current package?
  How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.25 $, $Date: 1998/07/05 15:07:20 $)

DESCRIPTION
  How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
  How come exec() doesn't return?
  How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?

    Keyboard, Screen, Mouse

  How do I print something out in color?
  How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
  How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
  How do I clear the screen?
  How do I get the screen size?
  How do I ask the user for a password?
  How do I read and write the serial port?

    lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input

  How do I decode encrypted password files?
  How do I start a process in the background?

    STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies

  How do I trap control characters/signals?
  How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
  How do I set the time and date?
  How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
  How can I measure time under a second?
  How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
  Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
  How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
  Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
  Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
  How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
  Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
  How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
  Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
  What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
  How can I call backticks without shell processing?
  Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?
  How can I convert my shell script to perl?
  Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
  How can I write expect in Perl?
  Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as "ps"?
  I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?

    Unix

  How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?
  How do I fork a daemon process?
  How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
  How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
  How do I timeout a slow event?
  How do I set CPU limits?
  How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
  How do I use an SQL database?
  How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
  How do I open a file without blocking?
  How do I install a CPAN module?
  What's the difference between require and use?
  How do I keep my own module/library directory?
  How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search path?
  How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.20 $, $Date: 1998/06/22 18:31:09 $)

DESCRIPTION
  My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500 Server Error)
  How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
  How do I remove HTML from a string?
  How do I extract URLs?
  How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on another machine?
  How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
  How do I fetch an HTML file?
  How do I automate an HTML form submission?
  How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
  How do I redirect to another page?
  How do I put a password on my web pages?
  How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
  How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?
  How do I parse a mail header?
  How do I decode a CGI form?
  How do I check a valid mail address?
  How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
  How do I return the user's mail address?
  How do I send mail?
  How do I read mail?
  How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
  How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
  How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
  How can I do RPC in Perl?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

  ## perldelta - what's new for perl5.005

DESCRIPTION
About the new versioning system
Incompatible Changes
  WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
  Default installation structure has changed
  Perl Source Compatibility
  C Source Compatibility

    Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source compatibility issues

  Binary Compatibility
  Security fixes may affect compatibility
  Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
  Licensing
Core Changes
  Threads
  Compiler
  Regular Expressions

    Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other improvements, Incompatible changes

  Improved malloc()
  Quicksort is internally implemented
  Reliable signals
  Reliable stack pointers
  More generous treatment of carriage returns
  Memory leaks
  Better support for multiple interpreters
  Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
  %! is transparently tied to the Errno module
  Pseudo-hashes are supported
  EXPR foreach EXPR is supported
  Keywords can be globally overridden
  $^E is meaningful on Win32
  foreach (1..1000000) optimized
  Foo:: can be used as implicitly quoted package name
  exists $Foo::{Bar::} tests existence of a package
  Better locale support
  Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
  prototype() returns useful results on builtins
  Extended support for exception handling
  Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
  All printf format conversions are handled internally
  New INIT keyword
  New lock keyword
  New qr// operator
  our is now a reserved word
  Tied arrays are now fully supported
  Tied handles support is better
    - th argument to substr
  Negative LENGTH argument to splice
  Magic lvalues are now more magical
  ltgt now reads in records
Supported Platforms
  New Platforms
  Changes in existing support
Modules and Pragmata
  New Modules

    B, Data::Dumper, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Thread, attrs, fields, re

  Changes in existing modules

    CGI, POSIX, DB_File, MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark

Utility Changes
Documentation Changes
New Diagnostics

  Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index while coercing array into hash, Bareword ``%s'' refers to nonexistent package, Can't call method ``%s'' on an undefined value, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element, Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber for ``%s'', Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions, Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s: Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such field ``%s'' in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use of reserved word ``%s'' is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed

Obsolete Diagnostics

  Can't `mktemp(),` Can't write to temp file for -e: %s, Cannot open temporary file

BUGS
SEE ALSO
HISTORY

  ## perldata - Perl data types

DESCRIPTION
  Variable names
  Context
  Scalar values
  Scalar value constructors
  List value constructors
  Typeglobs and Filehandles

  ## perlsyn - Perl syntax

DESCRIPTION
  Declarations
  Simple statements
  Compound statements
  Loop Control
  For Loops
  Foreach Loops
  Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
  Goto
  PODs: Embedded Documentation
  Plain Old Comments (Not!)

  ## perlop - Perl operators and precedence

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
  The Arrow Operator
  Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
  Exponentiation
  Symbolic Unary Operators
  Binding Operators
  Multiplicative Operators
  Additive Operators
  Shift Operators
  Named Unary Operators
  Relational Operators
  Equality Operators
  Bitwise And
  Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
  C-style Logical And
  C-style Logical Or
  Range Operators
  Conditional Operator
  Assignment Operators
  Comma Operator
  List Operators (Rightward)
  Logical Not
  Logical And
  Logical or and Exclusive Or
  C Operators Missing From Perl

    unary &, unary *, (TYPE)

  Quote and Quote-like Operators
  Regexp Quote-Like Operators

    ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, `'STRING'`, qq/STRING/, ``STRING'', qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/, s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds

  Gory details of parsing quoted constructs

    Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation, `<<'EOF'`, m'', s''', tr///, y///, `''`, q//, `""`, ````, qq//, qx//, `<file*globE<gt`>, `?RE?`, `/RE/`, `m/RE/`, `s/RE/foo/`,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of regular expressions

  I/O Operators
  Constant Folding
  Bitwise String Operators
  Integer Arithmetic
  Floating-point Arithmetic
  Bigger Numbers

  ## perlre - Perl regular expressions

DESCRIPTION

  i, m, s, x

  Regular Expressions

    `(?#text)`, `(?:pattern)`, `(?imsx-imsx:pattern)`, `(?=pattern)`, `(?!pattern)`, `(?&lt;=pattern)`, `(?<!pattern)`, `(?{ code })`, `(?&gt;pattern)`, `(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)`, `(?(condition)yes-pattern)`, `(?imsx-imsx)`

  Backtracking
  Version 8 Regular Expressions
  WARNING on \1 vs $1
  Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
  Creating custom RE engines
  SEE ALSO

  ## perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  1. OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh

Location of Perl
Switches

  -0[digits], -a, -c, -d, -d:foo, -D letters, -D number, -e commandline, -F pattern, -h, -i[extension], -I directory, -l[octnum], -m[-]module, -M[-]module, -M[-]'module ...', -[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., -n, -p, -P, -s, -S, -T, -u, -U, -v, -V, -V:name, -w, -x directory

ENVIRONMENT

  HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL (specific to WIN32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL

  ## perlfunc - Perl builtin functions

DESCRIPTION
  Perl Functions by Category

    Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching, Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data, Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories, Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted in perl5

  Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions

    -X FILEHANDLE, -X EXPR, -X, abs VALUE, abs, accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME, bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER, chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE, connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, defined EXPR, defined, delete EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do `SUBROUTINE(LIST),` do EXPR, dump LABEL, each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST, exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin, getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL, goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex, import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill LIST, last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MODE, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, my EXPR, next LABEL, next, no Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LEN,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset, return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY, shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST, sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice ARRAY,OFFSET, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR, sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR, study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LEN,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LEN, substr EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR, ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module LIST, use Module, use Module VERSION LIST, use VERSION, utime LIST, values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///

  ## perlvar - Perl predefined variables

DESCRIPTION
  Predefined Names

    $ARG, $_, $<digits>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $', $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $, input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $``, $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~, format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A, $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $PERL_VERSION, $], $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, $^R, $^S, $BASETIME, $^T, $WARNING, $^W, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC, `%ENV` $ENV{expr}, %SIG $SIG{expr}

  Error Indicators

  ## perlsub - Perl subroutines

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Private Variables via my()
  Peristent Private Variables
  Temporary Values via local()
  Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
  When to Still Use local()

    1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially `$_`, 2. You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3. You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash

  Pass by Reference
  Prototypes
  Constant Functions
  Overriding Builtin Functions
  Autoloading
SEE ALSO

  ## perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)

DESCRIPTION
  Packages
  Symbol Tables
  Package Constructors and Destructors
  Perl Classes
  Perl Modules
SEE ALSO

  ## perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones

DESCRIPTION
THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
  Pragmatic Modules

    use autouse MODULE => `qw(sub1` sub2 sub3), blib, diagnostics, integer, less, lib, locale, ops, overload, re, sigtrap, strict, subs, vmsish, vars

  Standard Modules

    AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, Benchmark, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Class::Struct, Config, Cwd, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, DynaLoader, English, Env, Exporter, ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Liblist, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree, File::Compare, File::Copy, File::Find, File::Path, File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe, IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, Opcode, Pod::Text, POSIX, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol, Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Tabs, Text::Wrap, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent

  Extension Modules
CPAN

  Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces, User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages, File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing, Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption, World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities, Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities, Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, South America

Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
  Guidelines for Module Creation

    Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?, README and other Additional Files, A description of the module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take care when changing a released module

  Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules

    There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications, Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started, Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from ' to ::, Converts `die(...)` to `croak(...),` Several other minor changes

  Guidelines for Reusing Application Code

    Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small

NOTE

  ## perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules

DESCRIPTION
  PREAMBLE

    DECOMPRESS the file, UNPACK the file into a directory, BUILD the module (sometimes unnecessary), INSTALL the module

HEY
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## perlform - Perl formats

DESCRIPTION
  Format Variables
NOTES
  Footers
  Accessing Formatting Internals
WARNINGS

  ## perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and localization)

DESCRIPTION
PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
USING LOCALES
  The use locale pragma
  The setlocale function
  Finding locales
  LOCALE PROBLEMS
  Temporarily fixing locale problems
  Permanently fixing locale problems
  Permanently fixing your locale configuration
  Permanently fixing system locale configuration
  The localeconv function
LOCALE CATEGORIES
  Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
  Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
  Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
  Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
  LC_TIME
  Other categories
SECURITY

  Comparison operators (lt, `le`, `ge`, gt and `cmp`):, Case-mapping interpolation (with \l, \L, `\u` or `\U`), Matching operator (m//):, Substitution operator (s///):, In-memory formatting function (sprintf()):, Output formatting functions (printf() and `write()):,` Case-mapping functions (lc(), `lcfirst(),` `uc(),` `ucfirst()):,` POSIX locale-dependent functions (localeconv(), `strcoll(),strftime(),` `strxfrm()):,` POSIX character class tests (isalnum(), `isalpha(),` `isdigit(),isgraph(),` `islower(),` `isprint(),` `ispunct(),` `isspace(),` `isupper(),` `isxdigit()):`

ENVIRONMENT

  PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG

NOTES
  Backward compatibility
  I18N:Collate obsolete
  Sort speed and memory use impacts
  write() and LC_NUMERIC
  Freely available locale definitions
  I18n and l10n
  An imperfect standard
BUGS
  Broken systems
SEE ALSO
HISTORY

  ## perlref - Perl references and nested data structures

DESCRIPTION
  Making References
  Using References
  Symbolic references
  Not-so-symbolic references
  Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
  Function Templates
WARNING
SEE ALSO

  ## perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook

DESCRIPTION

  arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes, more elaborate constructs

REFERENCES
COMMON MISTAKES
CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS use strict
DEBUGGING
CODE EXAMPLES
LISTS OF LISTS
  Declaration of a LIST OF LISTS
  Generation of a LIST OF LISTS
  Access and Printing of a LIST OF LISTS
HASHES OF LISTS
  Declaration of a HASH OF LISTS
  Generation of a HASH OF LISTS
  Access and Printing of a HASH OF LISTS
LISTS OF HASHES
  Declaration of a LIST OF HASHES
  Generation of a LIST OF HASHES
  Access and Printing of a LIST OF HASHES
HASHES OF HASHES
  Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
  Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
  Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
  Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
  Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
  Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Database Ties
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## perllol, perlLoL - Manipulating Lists of Lists in Perl

DESCRIPTION
Declaration and Access of Lists of Lists
Growing Your Own
Access and Printing
Slices
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl

DESCRIPTION
Creating a Class
  Object Representation
  Class Interface
  Constructors and Instance Methods
  Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
  Destructors
  Other Object Methods
Class Data
  Accessing Class Data
  Debugging Methods
  Class Destructors
  Documenting the Interface
Aggregation
Inheritance
  Overridden Methods
  Multiple Inheritance
  UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
Alternate Object Representations
  Arrays as Objects
  Closures as Objects
AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
  Autoloaded Data Methods
  Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
Metaclassical Tools
  Class::Struct
  Data Members as Variables
  NOTES
  Object Terminology
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
COPYRIGHT
  Acknowledgments

  ## perlobj - Perl objects

DESCRIPTION
  An Object is Simply a Reference
  A Class is Simply a Package
  A Method is Simply a Subroutine
  Method Invocation
  Default UNIVERSAL methods

    `isa(CLASS),` `can(METHOD),` `VERSION(` [NEED] )

  Destructors
  WARNING
  Summary
  Two-Phased Garbage Collection
SEE ALSO

  ## perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Tying Scalars

    TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this

  Tying Arrays

    TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value, DESTROY this

  Tying Hashes

    USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this

  Tying FileHandles

    TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this

  The untie Gotcha
SEE ALSO
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)

DESCRIPTION
OO SCALING TIPS
INSTANCE VARIABLES
SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
THINKING OF CODE REUSE
CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
DELEGATION

  ## perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes, safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)

DESCRIPTION
Signals
Named Pipes
  WARNING
Using open() for IPC
  Filehandles
  Background Processes
  Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
  Safe Pipe Opens
  Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
  Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
Sockets: Client/Server Communication
  Internet Line Terminators
  Internet TCP Clients and Servers
  Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
TCP Clients with IO::Socket
  A Simple Client

    Proto, PeerAddr, PeerPort

  A Webget Client
  Interactive Client with IO::Socket
TCP Servers with IO::Socket

  Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse

UDP: Message Passing
SysV IPC
NOTES
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

  ## perldebug - Perl debugging

DESCRIPTION
The Perl Debugger
  Debugger Commands

    h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n [expr], < CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]pattern], t, t expr, b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line] command, A, W [expr], W, O [opt[=val]] [opt``val''] [opt?].., recallCommand, `ShellBang`, pager, tkRunning, signalLevel, `warnLevel`, `dieLevel`, AutoTrace, LineInfo, inhibit_exit, PrintRet, ornaments, frame, maxTraceLen, arrayDepth, `hashDepth`, compactDump, `veryCompact`, globPrint, DumpDBFiles, DumpPackages, DumpReused, quote, `HighBit`, `undefPrint`, UsageOnly, TTY, noTTY, ReadLine, NonStop, < [ command ], << command, > command, >> command, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, m package

  Debugger input/output

    Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Listing, Frame listing

  Debugging compile-time statements
  Debugger Customization
  Readline Support
  Editor Support for Debugging
  The Perl Profiler
  Debugger support in perl
  Debugger Internals
  Other resources
  BUGS
Debugging Perl memory usage
  Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}

    `buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)`, Free/Used, `Total sbrk(): SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS`, `pad: 0`, `heads: 2192`, `chain: 0`, `tail: 6144`

  Example of using -DL switch

    `717`, `002`, `054`, `602`, `702`, `704`

  -DL details

    `!!!`, `!!`, `!`

  Limitations of -DL statistic
Debugging regular expressions
  Compile-time output

    anchored STRING `at` POS, floating STRING `at` POS1..POS2, `matching floating/anchored`, minlen, stclass TYPE, noscan, isall, GPOS, plus, implicit, `with eval`, anchored(TYPE)

  Types of nodes
  Run-time output

  ## perldiag - various Perl diagnostics

DESCRIPTION

  ## perlsec - Perl security

DESCRIPTION
  Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
  Switches On the "#!" Line
  Cleaning Up Your Path
  Security Bugs
  Protecting Your Programs
SEE ALSO

  ## perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary

DESCRIPTION
  Awk Traps
  C Traps
  Sed Traps
  Shell Traps
  Perl Traps
  Perl4 to Perl5 Traps

    Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts, Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc, Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps

  Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps

    Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance

  Parsing Traps

    Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing

  Numerical Traps

    Numerical, Numerical, Numerical

  General data type traps

    (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String), (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)

  Context Traps - scalar, list contexts

    (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)

  Precedence Traps

    Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence

  General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.

    Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression

  Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps

    (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), `warn()` won't let you specify a filehandle

  OS Traps

    (SysV), (SysV)

  Interpolation Traps

    Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation

  DBM Traps

    DBM, DBM

  Unclassified Traps

    require/do trap using returned value, split on empty string with LIMIT specified

  ## perlport - Writing portable Perl

DESCRIPTION

  Not all Perl programs have to be portable, The vast majority of Perl is portable

ISSUES
  Newlines
  File Paths
  System Interaction
  Interprocess Communication (IPC)
  External Subroutines (XS)
  Standard Modules
  Time and Date
  System Resources
  Security
  Style
CPAN TESTERS

  Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results: `http://www.connect.net/gbarr/cpan-test/`

PLATFORMS
  Unix
  DOS and Derivatives

    The djgpp environment for DOS, `http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/`, The EMX environment for DOS, OS/2, etc. `emx@iaehv.nl`,`http://www.juge.com/bbs/Hobb.19.html`, Build instructions for Win32, the perlwin32 manpage, The ActiveState Pages, `http://www.activestate.com/`

  MacPerl

    The MacPerl Pages, `http://www.ptf.com/macperl/`, The MacPerl mailing list, `mac-perl-request@iis.ee.ethz.ch`

  VMS

    perlvms.pod, vmsperl list, `vmsperl-request@newman.upenn.edu`, vmsperl on the web, `http://www.sidhe.org/vmsperl/index.html`

  EBCDIC Platforms

    perl-mvs list, AS/400 Perl information at `http://as400.rochester.ibm.com`

  Other perls

    Atari, Guido Flohr's page `http://stud.uni-sb.de/~gufl0000/`, HP 300 MPE/iX `http://www.cccd.edu/~markb/perlix.html`, Novell Netware

FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
  Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions

    -X FILEHANDLE, -X EXPR, -X, binmode FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, system LIST, times, truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS

AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
VERSION

  ## perlstyle - Perl style guide

DESCRIPTION

  ## perlpod - plain old documentation

DESCRIPTION
  Verbatim Paragraph
  Command Paragraph
  Ordinary Block of Text
  The Intent
  Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
  Common Pod Pitfalls
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## perlbook - Perl book information

DESCRIPTION

  ## perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program

DESCRIPTION
  PREAMBLE

    Use C from Perl?, Use a Unix program from Perl?, Use Perl from Perl?, Use C from C?, Use Perl from C?

  ROADMAP
  Compiling your C program
  Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
  Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
  Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
  Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
  Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
  Maintaining a persistent interpreter
  Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
  Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
Embedding Perl under Win32
MORAL
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  PerlIO *, PerlIO_stdin(), PerlIO_stdout(), PerlIO_stderr(), PerlIO_open(path, mode), PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode), PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...), PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a), PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...), PerlIO_read(f,buf,count), PerlIO_write(f,buf,count), PerlIO_close(f), PerlIO_puts(f,s), PerlIO_putc(f,c), PerlIO_ungetc(f,c), PerlIO_getc(f), PerlIO_eof(f), PerlIO_error(f), PerlIO_fileno(f), PerlIO_clearerr(f), PerlIO_flush(f), PerlIO_tell(f), PerlIO_seek(f,o,w), PerlIO_getpos(f,p), PerlIO_setpos(f,p), PerlIO_rewind(f), PerlIO_tmpfile()

  Co-existence with stdio

    PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags), PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags), PerlIO_findFILE(f), PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f), PerlIO_setlinebuf(f), PerlIO_has_cntptr(f), PerlIO_get_ptr(f), PerlIO_get_cnt(f), PerlIO_canset_cnt(f), PerlIO_fast_gets(f), PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c), PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c), PerlIO_has_base(f), PerlIO_get_base(f), PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)

  ## perlxs - XS language reference manual

DESCRIPTION
  Introduction
  On The Road
  The Anatomy of an XSUB
  The Argument Stack
  The RETVAL Variable
  The MODULE Keyword
  The PACKAGE Keyword
  The PREFIX Keyword
  The OUTPUT: Keyword
  The CODE: Keyword
  The INIT: Keyword
  The NO_INIT Keyword
  Initializing Function Parameters
  Default Parameter Values
  The PREINIT: Keyword
  The SCOPE: Keyword
  The INPUT: Keyword
  Variable-length Parameter Lists
  The C_ARGS: Keyword
  The PPCODE: Keyword
  Returning Undef And Empty Lists
  The REQUIRE: Keyword
  The CLEANUP: Keyword
  The BOOT: Keyword
  The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
  The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
  The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
  The ALIAS: Keyword
  The INTERFACE: Keyword
  The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
  The INCLUDE: Keyword
  The CASE: Keyword
  The &amp; Unary Operator
  Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
  Using XS With C++
  Interface Strategy
  Perl Objects And C Structures
  The Typemap
EXAMPLES
XS VERSION
AUTHOR

  ## perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for XSUBs

DESCRIPTION
  VERSION CAVEAT
  DYNAMIC VERSUS STATIC
  EXAMPLE 1
  EXAMPLE 2
  WHAT HAS GONE ON?
  WRITING GOOD TEST SCRIPTS
  EXAMPLE 3
  WHAT'S NEW HERE?
  INPUT AND OUTPUT PARAMETERS
  THE XSUBPP COMPILER
  THE TYPEMAP FILE
  WARNING
  EXAMPLE 4
  WHAT HAS HAPPENED HERE?
  SPECIFYING ARGUMENTS TO XSUBPP
  THE ARGUMENT STACK
  EXTENDING YOUR EXTENSION
  DOCUMENTING YOUR EXTENSION
  INSTALLING YOUR EXTENSION
  SEE ALSO
  Author
  Last Changed

  ## perlguts - Perl's Internal Functions

DESCRIPTION
Variables
  Datatypes
  What is an "IV"?
  Working with SVs
  What's Really Stored in an SV?
  Working with AVs
  Working with HVs
  Hash API Extensions
  References
  Blessed References and Class Objects
  Creating New Variables
  Reference Counts and Mortality
  Stashes and Globs
  Double-Typed SVs
  Magic Variables
  Assigning Magic
  Magic Virtual Tables
  Finding Magic
  Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
  Localizing changes

    SAVEINT(int i), SAVEIV(IV i), SAVEI32(I32 i), SAVELONG(long i), SAVESPTR(s), SAVEPPTR(p), SAVEFREESV(SV *sv), SAVEFREEOP(OP *op), SAVEFREEPV(p), SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv), SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char *key, I32 length), SAVEDESTRUCTOR(f,p), SAVESTACK_POS(), `SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)`, `AV* save_ary(GV *gv)`, `HV* save_hash(GV *gv)`, `void save_item(SV *item)`, `void save_list(SV **sarg, I32 maxsarg)`, `SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)`, `void save_aptr(AV **aptr)`, `void save_hptr(HV **hptr)`

Subroutines
  XSUBs and the Argument Stack
  Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
  Memory Allocation
  PerlIO
  Putting a C value on Perl stack
  Scratchpads
  Scratchpads and recursion
Compiled code
  Code tree
  Examining the tree
  Compile pass 1: check routines
  Compile pass 1a: constant folding
  Compile pass 2: context propagation
  Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
API LISTING

  av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, AvFILL, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, dMARK, dORIGMARK, PL_dowarn, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, do_binmode, ENTER, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, GIMME, GIMME_V, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, G_VOID, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, GvSV, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, hv_clear, hv_delayfree_ent, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_free_ent, hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, hv_iterval, hv_magic, HvNAME, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number, MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_len, mg_magical, mg_set, Move, PL_na, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_call_argv, perl_call_method, perl_call_pv, perl_call_sv, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_eval_sv, perl_eval_pv, perl_free, perl_get_av, perl_get_cv, perl_get_hv, perl_get_sv, perl_parse, perl_require_pv, perl_run, POPi, POPl, POPp, POPn, POPs, PUSHMARK, PUSHi, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, RETVAL, safefree, safemalloc, saferealloc, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_cmp, SvCUR, SvCUR_set, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_derived_from, SvEND, sv_eq, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, SvIOK, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIOKp, sv_isa, sv_isobject, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, SvNIOK, SvNIOK_off, SvNIOKp, PL_sv_no, SvNOK, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNOKp, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPOKp, SvPV, SvPV_force, SvPVX, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SVt_IV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SVt_NV, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, PL_sv_undef, sv_unref, SvUPGRADE, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, `sv_vcatpvfn(sv,` pat, patlen, args, svargs, svmax, used_locale), `sv_vsetpvfn(sv,` pat, patlen, args, svargs, svmax, used_locale), SvUV, SvUVX, PL_sv_yes, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNV, XST_mNO, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero

AUTHORS

  ## perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C

DESCRIPTION

  An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program

THE PERL_CALL FUNCTIONS

  perl_call_sv, perl_call_pv, perl_call_method, perl_call_argv

FLAG VALUES
  G_VOID
  G_SCALAR
  G_ARRAY
  G_DISCARD
  G_NOARGS
  G_EVAL
  G_KEEPERR
  Determining the Context
KNOWN PROBLEMS
EXAMPLES
  No Parameters, Nothing returned
  Passing Parameters
  Returning a Scalar
  Returning a list of values
  Returning a list in a scalar context
  Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
  Using G_EVAL
  Using G_KEEPERR
  Using perl_call_sv
  Using perl_call_argv
  Using perl_call_method
  Using GIMME_V
  Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
  Strategies for storing Callback Context Information

    1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl callback

  Alternate Stack Manipulation
  Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
DATE

  ## perlhist - the Perl history records

DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
  PUMPKIN?
THE RECORDS
  SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
  SELECTED PATCH SIZES
THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS

  # PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION

  ## attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  method, locked

  ## re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

  ## base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

  ## blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## constant - Perl pragma to declare constants

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTES
TECHNICAL NOTE
BUGS
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  The diagnostics Pragma
  The splain Program
EXAMPLES
INTERNALS
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## fields - compile-time class fields

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

  ## integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of double

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## lib - manipulate @INC at compile time

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  ADDING DIRECTORIES TO @INC
  DELETING DIRECTORIES FROM @INC
  RESTORING ORIGINAL @INC
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## overload - Package for overloading perl operations

SYNOPSIS
CAVEAT SCRIPTOR
DESCRIPTION
  Declaration of overloaded functions
  Calling Conventions for Binary Operations

    FALSE, TRUE, undef

  Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
  Overloadable Operations

    Arithmetic operations, Comparison operations, Bit operations, Increment and decrement, Transcendental functions, Boolean, string and numeric conversion, Special

  Inheritance and overloading

    Strings as values of `use overload` directive, Overloading of an operation is inherited by derived classes

SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR use overload
  Last Resort
  Fallback

    undef, TRUE, defined, but FALSE

  Copy Constructor

    Example

MAGIC AUTOGENERATION

  Assignment forms of arithmetic operations, Conversion operations, Increment and decrement, abs($a), Unary minus, Negation, Concatenation, Comparison operations, Copy operator

WARNING
Run-time Overloading
Public functions

  overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)

Overloading constants

  integer, float, binary, q, qr

IMPLEMENTATION
AUTHOR
DIAGNOSTICS
BUGS

  ## sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
  SIGNAL HANDLERS

    stack-trace, die, handler your-handler

  SIGNAL LISTS

    normal-signals, error-signals, old-interface-signals

  OTHER

    untrapped, any, signal, number

EXAMPLES

  ## strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  `strict refs`, `strict vars`, `strict subs`

  ## subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  # MODULE DOCUMENTATION

  ## AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  DBM Comparisons

    [0], [1], [2], [3]

SEE ALSO

  ## AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Subroutine Stubs
  Using AutoLoader's AUTOLOAD Subroutine
  Overriding AutoLoader's AUTOLOAD Subroutine
  Package Lexicals
  AutoLoader vs. SelfLoader
CAVEATS
SEE ALSO

  ## AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  $keep, $check, `$modtime`

  Multiple packages
DIAGNOSTICS

  ## B - The Perl Compiler

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
  SV-RELATED CLASSES
  B::SV METHODS

    REFCNT, FLAGS

  B::IV METHODS

    IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv

  B::NV METHODS

    NV, NVX

  B::RV METHODS

    RV

  B::PV METHODS

    PV

  B::PVMG METHODS

    MAGIC, SvSTASH

  B::MAGIC METHODS

    MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR

  B::PVLV METHODS

    TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG

  B::BM METHODS

    USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE

  B::GV METHODS

    NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS

  B::IO METHODS

    LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV, BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS

  B::AV METHODS

    FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS

  B::CV METHODS

    STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILEGV, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY

  B::HV METHODS

    FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY

  OP-RELATED CLASSES
  B::OP METHODS

    next, sibling, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private

  B::UNOP METHOD

    first

  B::BINOP METHOD

    last

  B::LOGOP METHOD

    other

  B::CONDOP METHODS

    true, false

  B::LISTOP METHOD

    children

  B::PMOP METHODS

    pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp

  B::SVOP METHOD

    sv

  B::GVOP METHOD

    gv

  B::PVOP METHOD

    pv

  B::LOOP METHODS

    redoop, nextop, lastop

  B::COP METHODS

    label, stash, filegv, cop_seq, arybase, line

FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY B

  main_cv, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes, sv_no, `walkoptree(OP,` METHOD), `walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),` `walksymtable(SYMREF,` METHOD, RECURSE), `svref_2object(SV),` `ppname(OPNUM),` `hash(STR),` `cast_I32(I),` minus_c, `cstring(STR),` `class(OBJ),` threadsv_names, `byteload_fh(FILEHANDLE)`

AUTHOR

  ## B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

  -ofilename, --, -f, -fcompress-nullops, -fomit-sequence-numbers, -fbypass-nullops, -fstrip-syntax-tree, -On, -D, -Do, -Db, -Da, -DC, -S, -m

BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## B::C - Perl compiler's C backend

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

  -ofilename, -v, --, -uPackname, -D, -Do, -Dc, -DA, -DC, -DM, -f, -fcog, -fno-cog, -On

EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

  -ofilename, -v, --, -uPackname, -mModulename, -D, -Dr, -DO, -Ds, -Dp, -Dq, -Dl, -Dt, -f, -ffreetmps-each-bblock, -ffreetmps-each-loop, -fomit-taint, -On

EXAMPLES
BUGS
DIFFERENCES
  Loops
  Context of ".."
  Arithmetic
  Deprecated features
AUTHOR

  ## B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

  -p, -u PACKAGE, -l, -s LETTERS, C

BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Lint - Perl lint

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS

  context, implicit-read and implicit-write, dollar-underscore, private-names, undefined-subs, regexp-variables, all, none

NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS

  -u Package

BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONVENTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

  `-oFILENAME`, `-r`, `-D[tO]`

BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## Benchmark - benchmark running times of code

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Methods

    new, debug

  Standard Exports

    `timeit(COUNT,` CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ), timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr ( TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )

  Optional Exports

    clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), disablecache ( ), enablecache ( )

NOTES
INHERITANCE
CAVEATS
AUTHORS
MODIFICATION HISTORY

  ## CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class

SYNOPSIS
ABSTRACT
DESCRIPTION
  PROGRAMMING STYLE
  CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES

    1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. Forexample, -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values, 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'

  CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
  CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
  FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
  FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
  FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
  SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
  APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
  IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
  DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
  DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
  DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
  SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
  USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE

    :cgi, :form, :html2, :html3, :netscape, :html, :standard, :all

  PRAGMAS

    -any, -compile, -nph, -autoload, -no_debug, -private_tempfiles

GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
  CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
  GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
  CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER

    Parameters:, 4, 5, 6..

  ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
  CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
  OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL

    -absolute, -relative, -full, -path (-path_info), -query (-query_string)

CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
  PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
  THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
  HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
  NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
  CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
  STARTING AND ENDING A FORM

    application/x-www-form-urlencoded, multipart/form-data

  CREATING A TEXT FIELD

    Parameters

  CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
  CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
  CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD

    Parameters

  CREATING A POPUP MENU
  CREATING A SCROLLING LIST

    Parameters:

  CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES

    Parameters:

  CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX

    Parameters:

  CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP

    Parameters:

  CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON

    Parameters:

  CREATING A RESET BUTTON
  CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
  CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD

    Parameters:

  CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON

    Parameters:, 3.The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE

  CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
NETSCAPE COOKIES

  1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a ``secure'' flag, -name, -value, -path, -domain, -expires, -secure

WORKING WITH NETSCAPE FRAMES

  1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <FORM> tag

LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
DEBUGGING
  DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

  accept(), raw_cookie(), user_agent(), path_info(), path_translated(), remote_host(), script_name()Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, referer(), auth_type (), server_name (), virtual_host (), server_software (), remote_user (), user_name (), request_method()

USING NPH SCRIPTS

  In the use statement, By calling the nph() method:, By using -nph parameters in the header() and redirect() statements:

Server Push

  `multipart_init()` `multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);,` `multipart_start(),` `multipart_end()`

Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks

  $CGI::POST_MAX, $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS, 1. On a script-by-script basis, 2. Globally for all scripts

COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
AUTHOR INFORMATION
CREDITS

  Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@csgrad1.cs.wvu.edu), Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org), ...and many many more..

A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
BUGS
SEE ALSO

  ## CGI::Apache - Make things work with CGI.pm against Perl-Apache API

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE 1
NOTE 2
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## CGI::Carp, <STRONG>CGI::Carp</STRONG> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
  Changing the default message
CHANGE LOG
AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

  ## CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USING CGI::Cookie

  1. expiration date, 2. domain, 3. path, 4. secure flag

  Creating New Cookies
  Sending the Cookie to the Browser
  Recovering Previous Cookies
  Manipulating Cookies

    name(), value(), domain(), path(), expires()

AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

  ## CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
CAVEATS
AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

  ## CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USING CGI::Push

  -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires

  Heterogeneous Pages
  Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
CAVEATS
AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

  ## CGI::Switch - Try more than one constructors and return the first object available

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Interactive Mode

    Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test, install, clean modules or distributions, readme, look module or distribution, Signals

  CPAN::Shell
  autobundle
  recompile
  The four CPAN::* Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
  Programmer39s interface

    `expand($type,@things),` Programming Examples

  Methods in the four
  Cache Manager
  Bundles
  Prerequisites
  Finding packages and VERSION
  Debugging
  Floppy, Zip, and all that Jazz
CONFIGURATION

  o conf <scalar option>, o conf <scalar option> <value>, o conf <list option>, o conf <list option> [shift|pop], o conf <list option> [unshift|push|splice] <list>

  CD-ROM support
SECURITY
EXPORT
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

  ## CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

  ## Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Forcing a Stack Trace

  ## Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  The struct() function
  Element Types and Accessor Methods

    Scalar (`'$'` or `'*$'`), Array (`'@'` or `'*@'`), Hash (`'%'` or `'*%'`), Class (`'Class_Name'` or `'*Class_Name'`)

EXAMPLES

  Example 1, Example 2

Author and Modification History

  ## Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  DB_HASH, DB_BTREE, DB_RECNO

  Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2
  Interface to Berkeley DB
  Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
  Default Parameters
  In Memory Databases
DB_HASH
  A Simple Example
DB_BTREE
  Changing the BTREE sort order
  Handling Duplicate Keys
  The get_dup() Method
  Matching Partial Keys
DB_RECNO
  The 'bval' Option
  A Simple Example
  Extra Methods

    $X->push(list) ;, $value = $X->pop ;, $X->shift, $X->unshift(list) ;, $X->length

  Another Example
THE API INTERFACE

  $status = $X->get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;, $status = $X->put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;, $status = $X->del($key [, $flags]) ;, $status = $X->fd ;, $status = $X->seq($key, $value, $flags) ;, $status = $X->sync([$flags]) ;

HINTS AND TIPS
  Locking Databases
  Sharing Databases With C Applications
  The untie() Gotcha
COMMON QUESTIONS
  Why is there Perl source in my database?
  How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
  What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
  What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
HISTORY
BUGS
AVAILABILITY
COPYRIGHT
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and <A HREF="#item_eval">eval</A>

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Methods

    PACKAGE->new(ARRAYREF [, ARRAYREF]), $OBJ->Dump or PACKAGE->Dump(ARRAYREF [, ARRAYREF]), $OBJ->Dumpxs or PACKAGE->Dumpxs(ARRAYREF [, ARRAYREF]), $OBJ->Seen([HASHREF]), $OBJ->Values([ARRAYREF]), $OBJ->Names([ARRAYREF]), $OBJ->Reset

  Functions

    `Dumper(`LIST), `DumperX(`LIST)

  Configuration Variables or Methods

    $Data::Dumper::Indent or $OBJ->Indent([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Purity or $OBJ->Purity([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Pad or $OBJ->Pad([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Varname or $OBJ->Varname([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Useqq or $OBJ->Useqq([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Terse or $OBJ->Terse([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Freezer or $OBJ->Freezer([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Toaster or $OBJ->Toaster([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy or $OBJ->Deepcopy([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys or $OBJ->Quotekeys([NEWVAL]), $Data::Dumper::Bless or $OBJ->Bless([NEWVAL])

  Exports

    Dumper

EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHOR
VERSION
SEE ALSO

  ## Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## Env - perl module that imports environment variables

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## Exporter - Implements default import method for modules

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Selecting What To Export
  Specialised Import Lists
  Exporting without using Export's import method
  Module Version Checking
  Managing Unknown Symbols
  Tag Handling Utility Functions

  ## ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc.

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  cat, eqtime src dst, rm_f files..., rm_f files..., touch files .., mv source... destination, cp source... destination, chmod mode files.., mkpath directory.., test_f file

BUGS
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
@EXPORT
FUNCTIONS

  `xsinit(),` Examples, `ldopts(),` Examples, `perl_inc(),` `ccflags(),` `ccdlflags(),` `ccopts(),` `xsi_header(),` `xsi_protos(@modules),` `xsi_body(@modules)`

EXAMPLES
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USAGE
FUNCTIONS

  `new(),` `modules(),` `files(),` `directories(),` `directory_tree(),` `validate(),` `packlist(),` `version()`

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR

  ## ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions

  EXTRALIBS
  LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
  BSLOADLIBS
PORTABILITY
  VMS implementation
  Win32 implementation
SEE ALSO

  ## ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS
  Preloaded methods

    canonpath, catdir, catfile, curdir, rootdir, updir

  SelfLoaded methods

    c_o (o), cflags (o), clean (o), const_cccmd (o), const_config (o), const_loadlibs (o), constants (o), depend (o), dir_target (o), dist (o), dist_basics (o), dist_ci (o), dist_core (o), dist_dir (o), dist_test (o), dlsyms (o), dynamic (o), dynamic_bs (o), dynamic_lib (o), exescan, extliblist, file_name_is_absolute, find_perl

  Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile

    fixin, force (o), guess_name, has_link_code, init_dirscan, init_main, init_others, install (o), installbin (o), libscan (o), linkext (o), lsdir, macro (o), makeaperl (o), makefile (o), manifypods (o), maybe_command, maybe_command_in_dirs, needs_linking (o), nicetext, parse_version, parse_abstract, pasthru (o), path, perl_script, perldepend (o), ppd, perm_rw (o), perm_rwx (o), pm_to_blib, post_constants (o), post_initialize (o), postamble (o), prefixify, processPL (o), realclean (o), replace_manpage_separator, static (o), static_lib (o), staticmake (o), subdir_x (o), subdirs (o), test (o), test_via_harness (o), test_via_script (o), tool_autosplit (o), tools_other (o), tool_xsubpp (o), top_targets (o), writedoc, xs_c (o), xs_o (o), perl_archive, export_list

SEE ALSO

  ## ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Methods always loaded

    eliminate_macros, fixpath, catdir, catfile, wraplist, curdir (override), rootdir (override), updir (override)

  SelfLoaded methods

    guess_name (override), find_perl (override), path (override), maybe_command (override), maybe_command_in_dirs (override), perl_script (override), file_name_is_absolute (override), replace_manpage_separator, init_others (override), constants (override), cflags (override), const_cccmd (override), pm_to_blib (override), tool_autosplit (override), tool_sxubpp (override), xsubpp_version (override), tools_other (override), dist (override), c_o (override), xs_c (override), xs_o (override), top_targets (override), dlsyms (override), dynamic_lib (override), dynamic_bs (override), static_lib (override), manifypods (override), processPL (override), installbin (override), subdir_x (override), clean (override), realclean (override), dist_basics (override), dist_core (override), dist_dir (override), dist_test (override), install (override), perldepend (override), makefile (override), test (override), test_via_harness (override), test_via_script (override), makeaperl (override), nicetext (override)

  ## ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  catfile, constants (o), static_lib (o), dynamic_bs (o), dynamic_lib (o), canonpath, perl_script, pm_to_blib, test_via_harness (o), tool_autosplit (override), tools_other (o), xs_o (o), top_targets (o), manifypods (o), dist_ci (o), dist_core (o), pasthru (o)

  ## ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  How To Write A Makefile.PL
  Default Makefile Behaviour
  make test
  make testdb
  make install
  PREFIX and LIB attribute
  AFS users
  Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
  Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
  Which architecture dependent directory?
  Using Attributes and Parameters

    C, CCFLAGS, CONFIG, CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT, EXE_FILES, NO_VC, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, H, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN, INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB, INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITELIB, INSTALLSITEARCH, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN, INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_MAN1DIR, INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, LDFROM, LIBPERL_A, LIB, LIBS, LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB, NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL, PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES, PM, PMLIBDIRS, PREFIX, PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG, XS_VERSION

  Additional lowercase attributes

    clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, installpm, linkext, macro, realclean, tool_autosplit

  Overriding MakeMaker Methods
  Hintsfile support
  Distribution Support

    make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest, make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make shdist, make zipdist, make ci

  Disabling an extension
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS

  ## ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
MANIFEST.SKIP
EXPORT_OK
GLOBAL VARIABLES
DIAGNOSTICS

  `Not in MANIFEST:` file, `No such file:` file, MANIFEST: $!, `Added to MANIFEST:` file

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic extension

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  NAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, DLBASE

AUTHOR
REVISION

  ## ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USAGE
FUNCTIONS

  `new(),` `read(),` `write(),` `validate(),` `packlist_file()`

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR

  ## ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
EXPORTED SYMBOLS

  ## File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse

EXAMPLES

  `basename`, `dirname`

  ## File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
RETURN
AUTHOR

  ## File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Special behavior if syscopy is defined (VMS and OS/2)

    `rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])`

RETURN
AUTHOR

  ## File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXPORTS (by request only)
BUGS
AUTHOR
HISTORY
SEE ALSO

  ## File::Find, find - traverse a file tree

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS

  ## File::Path - create or remove a series of directories

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHORS
REVISION

  ## File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS

  ## File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

  canonpath, catdir, catfile, curdir, rootdir, updir, file_name_is_absolute, path

SEE ALSO

  ## File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

  canonpath, catdir, catfile, curdir, rootdir, updir, no_upwards, file_name_is_absolute, path, join, nativename

SEE ALSO

  ## File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Methods always loaded

    catdir, catfile, curdir (override), rootdir (override), updir (override), path (override), file_name_is_absolute (override)

  ## File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  catfile, canonpath

  ## File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS

  ## FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines

SEE ALSO

  ## FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
KNOWN BUGS
AUTHORS
COPYRIGHT
REVISION

  ## GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AVAILABILITY
BUGS
SEE ALSO

  ## Getopt::Long, GetOptions - extended processing of command line options

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  !, +, :s, :i, :f

  Linkage specification
  Aliases and abbreviations
  Non-option call-back routine
  Option starters
  Return values and Errors
COMPATIBILITY
EXAMPLES
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

  default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default: reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)

OTHER USEFUL VARIABLES

  $Getopt::Long::VERSION, $Getopt::Long::error

AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER

  ## Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch clustering

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## IO - load various IO modules

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

  new ([ ARGS ] ), new_tmpfile

METHODS

  `open(` FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )

SEE ALSO
HISTORY

  ## IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

  new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )

METHODS

  $fh->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $fh->opened, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines, $fh->ungetc ( ORD ), $fh->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET }\] ), $fh->flush, $fh->error, $fh->clearerr, $fh->untaint

NOTE
SEE ALSO
BUGS
HISTORY

  ## IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::pipe - supply object methods for pipes

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRCUTOR

  new ( [READER, WRITER] )

METHODS

  reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO
HISTORY

  ## IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

  new ( [ HANDLES ] )

METHODS

  add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_error ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), count (), `bits(),` `bits(),` select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

  new ( [ARGS] )

METHODS

  `accept([PKG]),` `timeout([VAL]),` `sockopt(OPT` [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol

SUB-CLASSES
  IO::Socket::INET
  METHODS

    sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost ()

  IO::Socket::UNIX
  METHODS

    `hostpath(),` `peerpath()`

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING
SEE ALSO

  ## IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error handling

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING

  ## IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  `ftok(` PATH, ID )

SEE ALSO
AUTHORS
COPYRIGHT

  ## IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

  new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [, FLAGS ] ), stat

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

  new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ), getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N , VALUE ), stat

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

  ## Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to

BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  Canonical notation, Input, Output

EXAMPLES
Autocreating constants
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPERATIONS
CREATION
STRINGIFICATION
USAGE
ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
BUGS
AUTHORS

  ## Math::Trig - trigonometric functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

  tan

  ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
  SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
  COORDINATE SYSTEMS
    - -D ANGLE CONVERSIONS

      cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian, cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical

GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHORS

  ## NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  Functions

    Net::Ping->new([$proto [, `$def_timeout` [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [, $timeout]);, $p->close();, `pingecho($host` [, $timeout]);

WARNING
NOTES

  ## Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
WARNING
Operator Names and Operator Lists

  an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname or optag, an operator set (opset)

Opcode Functions

  opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET), full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...), define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...), opdump (PAT)

Manipulating Opsets
TO DO (maybe)
Predefined Opcode Tags

  :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math, :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open, :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided, :dangerous

SEE ALSO
AUTHORS

  ## Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  a new namespace, an operator mask

WARNING
  RECENT CHANGES
  Methods in class Safe

    permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP, ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME), root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)

  Some Safety Issues

    Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes

  AUTHOR

  ## Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

  ## POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
CAVEATS
FUNCTIONS

  _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2, atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown, clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime, cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv, execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror, fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf, fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos, fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid, getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid, getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty, iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper, isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10, longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy, memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open, opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts, qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind, rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid, setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp, sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat, strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen, strncat, strncmp, strncpy, stroul, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod, strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain, tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile, tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc, unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs, wctomb, write

CLASSES
  POSIX::SigAction

    new

  POSIX::SigSet

    new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember

  POSIX::Termios

    new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag, getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag, setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field values, c_oflag field values

PATHNAME CONSTANTS

  Constants

POSIX CONSTANTS

  Constants

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

  Constants

ERRNO

  Constants

FCNTL

  Constants

FLOAT

  Constants

LIMITS

  Constants

LOCALE

  Constants

MATH

  Constants

SIGNAL

  Constants

STAT

  Constants, Macros

STDLIB

  Constants

STDIO

  Constants

TIME

  Constants

UNISTD

  Constants

WAIT

  Constants, Macros

CREATION

  ## Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
ARGUMENTS

  help, htmlroot, infile, outfile, podroot, podpath, libpods, netscape, nonetscape, index, noindex, recurse, norecurse, title, verbose

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR
BUGS
SEE ALSO
COPYRIGHT

  ## Pod::Text - convert POD data to formatted ASCII text

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR
TODO

  ## SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## SelfLoader - load functions only on demand

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  The __DATA__ token
  SelfLoader autoloading
  Autoloading and package lexicals
  SelfLoader and AutoLoader
  __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
  Classes and inherited methods.
Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names

  ## Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST, INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN, pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN

  ## Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args, setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock `$sock_type` (added in 5.004_02), closelog

EXAMPLES
DEPENDENCIES
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES

  ## Term::Complete - Perl word completion module

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  <tab>, ^D, ^U, <del>, <bs>

DIAGNOSTICS
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various <A HREF="#item_readline">readline</A> packages. If no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Minimal set of supported functions

  ReadLine, `new`, readline, `addhistory`, `IN`, $`OUT`, `MinLine`, `findConsole`, Attribs, `Features`

Additional supported functions

  tkRunning, ornaments, `newTTY`

EXPORTS
ENVIRONMENT

  ## Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
TEST TYPES

  NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS

ONFAIL
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

  ## Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
  The test script output
EXPORT
DIAGNOSTICS

  `All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s`, `FAILED tests %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.`, `Test returned status %d (wstat %d)`, `Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s`, `Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay. %s`

ENVIRONMENT
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS
BUGS

  ## Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE

  ## Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES

  0a simple word, 1multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2use of quotes to include a space in a word, 3use of a backslash to include a space in a word, 4use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a double-quote, 5another simple word (note the lack of effect of the backslashed double-quote)

AUTHORS

  ## Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
LIMITATIONS
AUTHOR

  ## Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1)

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
BUGS
AUTHOR

  ## Thread - multithreading

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONS

  new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;, Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE, cond_broadcast VARIABLE

METHODS

  join, eval, tid

LIMITATIONS
SEE ALSO

  ## Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONS AND METHODS

  new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending

SEE ALSO

  ## Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONS AND METHODS

  new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER

  ## Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS

  ## Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys

SYNOPSIS

  ## Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index, FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this, SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST

CAVEATS
AUTHOR

  ## Tie::Handle - base class definitions for tied handles

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this

MORE INFORMATION

  ## Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this

CAVEATS
MORE INFORMATION

  ## Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
AUTHOR
VERSION
SEE ALSO

  ## Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied scalars

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this

MORE INFORMATION

  ## Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CAVEATS

  ## Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  ## Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

  ## UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

  isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa ( VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )

  ## User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

  ## User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

  # AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION

  Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they don't all have manual pages yet:

a2p
s2p
find2perl
h2ph
c2ph
h2xs
xsubpp
pod2man
wrapsuid

  # AUTHOR

  Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.